CHEMICAL METALLURGY: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

By N. DILIY

CONTENTS ACQUAINTANCE INTRODUCTION MATERIALS SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF METALS GENERAL ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY CRYSTAL SYSTEMS METALLIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURES ALLOYING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ELASTIC DEFORMATION PLASTIC DEFORMATION CREEP DEFORMATION AND FATIGUE DEFORMATION HARDNESS TOUGHNESS RESOURCES OF METALS EARTH’S CRUST MINERALS AND ORES ROCKS AND ORE DEPOSITS IGNEOUS PROCESSES OF ROCK AND ORE FORMATION SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES OF ORE FORMATION METAMORPHIC ROCKS AND ORE PROCESSES OTHER RESOURCES MINERAL PROPERTIES MINING SURFACE MINING UNDERGROUND MINING AVAILABILITY RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION MINERALS DESCRIPTION MOLYBDENUM NICKEL NIOBIUM-TANTALUM RARE EARTHS URANIUM EXTRACTION FLOWSHEETS FEATURES PROCESS ROUTES PROCESS REACTORS HEAT SOURCES 1 10 3 1 1 SOLID FUELS 1 10 3 1 2 LIQUID FUELS 1 10 3 1 3 GASEOUS FUELS REFRACTORIES 1 10 3 2 1 CLASSIFICATION 1 10 3 2 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS LITERATURE MINERAL PROCESSING PARTICLES PARTICLE SHAPE SHAPE FACTOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DEFINITIONS PARTICLE SIZE PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT SURFACE PERMEABILITY GAS ADSORPTION COMMINUTION FRACTURE OF MATERIALS FRACTURE MECHANISMS ENERGY AND POWER REQUIREMENTS ENERGY SIZE RELATIONSHIP BOND LAW CRUSHING EFFICIENCY LIBERATION MACHINE SELECTION MACHINE TYPES CRUSHERS GRINDERS CIRCUITS OPERATIONAL ASPECTS MINERAL SEPARATION FLUID DYNAMIC PRINCIPLES PARTICLE SETTLING PHENOMENA FREE SETTLING AND HINDERED SETTLING PARTICLE SEPARATION CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFIER MACHINERY MECHANICAL CLASSIFIERS HYDRAULIC CLASSIFIERS HYDROCYCLONES SCREENING PASSAGE OF PARTICLES IDEAL AND ACTUAL SCREENS MATERIAL BALANCES SCREEN EFFICIENCY AND CAPACITY TYPES OF SCREENS GRAVITY CONCENTRATION GRAVITY SEPARATION MACHINES JIGS SPIRALS TABLES HEAVY MEDIUM SEPARATORS MAGNETIC SEPARATION MAGNETIC SEPARATORS PRINCIPLES ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATORS FLOTATION FLOTATION CHEMISTRY SURFACTANTS 2 11 2 1 1 FROTHERS 2 11 2 1 2 COLLECTORS 2 11 2 1 3 REGULATORS SULFIDE FLOTATION 2 11 2 2 1 PRINCIPLES 2 11 2 2 2 EXAMPLES NATURAL HYDROPHOBICITY FLOTATION SYSTEMS FLOTATION MACHINERY DEWATERING SEDIMENTATION COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION THICKENER MACHINERY FILTRATION THERMAL DRYING EVAPORATION MINERAL PROCESSING FLOWSHEETS THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS INTRODUCTION (THERMODYNAMICS) ZEROETH LAW FIRST LAW THERMOCHEMISTRY SECOND LAW ENTROPY FREE ENERGY THIRD LAW CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM LAW OF MASS ACTION VAN’T HOFF ISOTHERM VAN’T HOFF ISOCHORE LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE FREE ENERGY–TEMPERATURE DIAGRAMS VARIATION OF FREE ENERGY WITH TEMPERATURE ELLINGHAM DIAGRAMS SOLUTIONS RAOULT’S LAW HENRY’S LAW SIEVERT’S LAW ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT FREE ENERGY OF FORMATION OF A SOLUTION GIBBS–DUHEM EQUATION IDEAL SOLUTION NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS REGULAR SOLUTION PHASES IN EQUILIBRIA PHASE RULE APPLICATIONS THERMODYNAMIC DATA PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION (KINETICS) RATE OF REACTION HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS RATE EQUATION RATE-CONTROLLING STEP ORDER OF REACTION FIRST-ORDER REACTIONS SECOND-ORDER REACTIONS CONSECUTIVE REACTIONS REVERSIBLE REACTIONS TEMPERATURE EFFECT HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS TYPES OF REACTIONS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION MASS TRANSFER BY DIFFUSION FORCED CONVECTION DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS FLUID–SOLID REACTIONS REACTIONS OF NONPOROUS PARTICLES REACTIONS OF POROUS PARTICLES REACTIONS AMONG SOLIDS THROUGH FLUID INTERMEDIATES ELEMENTS OF PROCESS REACTOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE EFFECTS CATALYSIS PYROMETALLURGY DRYING CALCINATION ROASTING THERMODYNAMICS SMELTING SLAGS OXIDE REDUCTION CARBOTHERMY IRON NIOBIUM TANTALUM MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN REDUCTION TUNGSTEN SILICOTHERMY PIDGEON PROCESS FERROVANADIUM CALCIOTHERMY VANADIUM ALLOYS ALUMINOTHERMY MANGANESE CHROMIUM FERROVANADIUM AND FERRONIOBIUM HALIDE PROCESSES PREPARATION OF CHLORIDES PROPERTIES OF CHLORIDES PYROCHEMICAL PROCESS PREPARATION OF FLUORIDES REDUCTION OF CHLORIDES REDUCTION OF FLUORIDES PLASMA PROCESSES REFINING METAL–SLAG PROCESSES STEEL MAKING ELECTROSLAG REFINING METAL–METAL PROCESSES METAL–GAS PROCESSES FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PYROVACUUM PROCESSES FOR REACTIVE AND REFRACTORY METALS CHEMICAL TRANSPORT PROCESSES HYDROMETALLURGY LEACHING LEACHING PROCESSES PRETREATMENTS LEACHING TECHNIQUES IN-SITU/MODIFIED IN-SITU LEACHING DUMP AND HEAP LEACHING VAT LEACHING AGITATION LEACHING PRESSURE LEACHING EXAMPLES OF LEACHING PRACTICES ALUMINUM ORES NICKEL ORES NICKEL SULFIDE CONCENTRATES NICKELIFERROUS PYRRHOTITE LATERITIC (OXIDE) ORES ZINC ORE BACTERIAL LEACHING SOLUTION PURIFICATION ION EXCHANGE ION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA FAMILIARIZATION PROCESS DESCRIPTION ADSORPTION ON CARBON SURFACE AND PORE STRUCTURE PROPERTIES MECHANISM PREPARATION TECHNIQUES SOLVENT EXTRACTION TECHNICAL ASPECTS EXTRACTANTS DILUENTS MODIFIERS SYNERGISTS SOLVENT EXTRACTION TERMINOLOGIES COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION METAL EXTRACTION SOLVENT EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT COPPER ZIRCONIUM–HAFNIUM NIOBIUM–TANTALUM NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING MEMBRANE-BASED SOLVENT EXTRACTION PRECIPITATION PROCESSES CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION PROCESSES HYDROLYTIC AND IONIC REDUCTIVE PRECIPITATION PROCESSES HOMOGENEOUS PROCESSES HETEROGENEOUS PROCESSES TITANIUM PRECIOUS METALS GOLD DISPERSED METALS MANGANESE NODULES ZINC SOLUTION PURIFICATION ELECTROMETALLURGY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE IONICS ELECTROLYTES CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR ACIDS BASES ALKALIS SALTS NEUTRALIZATION AND HYDROLYSIS IONIZATION OF WATER BUFFER SOLUTIONS SOLUBILITY PRODUCT ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR ARRHENIUS’ CONCEPT CONDUCTANCE CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTROLYTES SOME PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES CONDUCTANCE VARIATION IONIC MOBILITIES EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY FOR WEAK ELECTROLYTES ABSOLUTE IONIC MOBILITY SOLUBILITY OF SALTS CONDUCTANCE RATIO CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATIONS GALVANICS REDOX REACTIONS ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS, REACTIONS, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCES CELL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE STANDARD EMFS AND ELECTRODE POTENTIALS HYDROGEN ELECTRODE REFERENCE ELECTRODES FREE ENERGY CHANGES FOR CELL REACTIONS ELECTRODE REACTION THERMODYNAMICS REVERSIBLE ELECTRODES AND CELLS APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES CELL TYPES COMMERCIAL GALVANIC CELLS PRIMARY CELLS SECONDARY CELLS ELECTROLYTIC CELLS FARADAY’S LAWS DECOMPOSITION VOLTAGE POLARIZATION AND OVERVOLTAGE ELECTRODE REACTIONS EXAMPLE OF ELECTROLYSIS ELECTROCHEMICAL SEPARATION AND CO-DEPOSITION MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS CLASSIFICATION TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS ELECTRODES CURRENT EFFICIENCY ENERGY EFFICIENCY CELL FEATURES CELL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION CELL OPERATION ELECTROWINNING ELECTROREFINING ELECTROEXTRACTION MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS NICKEL SULFIDE ELECTROLEACHING ELECTROCHEMICAL ASPECTS PROCESS ELECTROSYNTHESIS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT EXTRACTION AND PROCESS METALLURGY ENERGY ECONOMY FUEL EQUIVALENTS MINING AND ORE PREPARATION ENERGY CONSERVATION REDUCTION AND REFINING IMPROVED PROCESS DESIGN WASTE HEAT RECOVERY MATERIALS CONSERVATION RECLAMATION AND RECYCLING OF METALS SECONDARY METAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ORE PREPARATION METAL PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING