SUMMARY OF PRODUCER GAS INVESTIGATIONS

By THOMAS ANDERSON

CONTENTS 1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS UNIT SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS DERIVING SOME SECONDARY UNITS FROM THE PRIMARY ONES THE U S CUSTOMARY SYSTEM (ALSO KNOWN AS THE ENGLISH SYSTEM) THE TECHNICAL UNIT SYSTEM FORCE AND MASS MAIN UNITS’ CONVERSIONS WEIGHT OF A BODY PRESSURE UNITS OTHERS’ DEFINITIONS ENERGY UNITS 1 1 10 TEMPERATURE UNITS 1 1 11 ABOUT DIMENSIONS’ UNITS IN THE CALCULATING EQUATIONS CALCULATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS IN THERMODYNAMICS CALCULATING THE AREA UNDER A PLANE CURVE GRAPHICAL CALCULATION OF THE AREA UNDER Y = F(X) CURVE ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF THE AREA UNDER Y = F(X) CURVE TABULAR CALCULATION OF THE AREA UNDER Y = F(X) CURVE TABULAR DETERMINATION OF Y-VALUE VERSUS A GIVEN X-VALUE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO FUNCTIONS OF THE SAME VARIABLE SUMMARY CHAPTER ENDNOTES 2 THE WORKING FLUID AND ITS BASIC PROPERTIES ENERGY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS TYPES OF ENERGY ENERGY TRANSFORMATION THE HEAT ENGINE THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING THERMAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL IN HEAT ENGINES INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (IN THE BROAD SENSE) EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THE PURE SUBSTANCE AND ITS MOLECULES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES THE IDEAL AND REAL GAS SUBPHASES THE THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM (THE SYSTEM) TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO THE KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY THE STATE OF A GAS THE DEFINITION OF THE STATE OF A SYSTEM THE EQUILIBRIUM STATE SOME STATE PROPERTIES MODES OF WORK THE SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCE AND THE SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE SYSTEM 2 4 10 THE STATE CHANGE PROCESSES OF A SYSTEM (GAS) 2 4 11 THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE 2 4 12 THE EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS AND THE CONDITIONS TO REALIZE IT THE EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS THE CONDITIONS FOR ACHIEVING AN EQUILIBRIUM (QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM) PROCESS THE MINIMUM REQUIRED NUMBER OF MRS TO ACHIEVE AN EQUILIBRIUM (QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM) WF STATE CHANGE PROCESS 2 4 13 THE REVERSIBLE PROCESS AND THE CONDITIONS TO REALIZE IT THE DEFINITIONS OF THE REVERSIBLE PROCESS THE PRACTICED IN THERMODYNAMICS CONDITIONS FOR ACHIEVING A REVERSIBLE PROCESS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES THE INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESSES IDEAL-GAS LAWS IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE (CLAPEYRON EQUATION) ABR AVOGADRO’S LAW OTHERS’ STATEMENTS (OSS) IDEAL-GAS MIXTURES THE LAWS OF IDEAL-GAS MIXTURES THAT CAN BE DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY DALTON’S LAW AMAGAT’S LAW GAS MIXTURE COMPOSITION THE BOUNDARY WORK CALCULATION RECOGNIZING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PROPERTIES OF REAL GASES CONCLUSIONS 3 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS DURING GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES THE SPECIFIC TRANSFERRED HEAT AND THE SPECIFIC HEAT BASIC DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONS THE CALORIC INTENSIVE PROPERTIES INTERNAL ENERGY ENTHALPY IDEAL GAS ENTROPY THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE GAS STATE AND OF THE GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES) GENERAL FORM EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING THE BOUNDARY WORK AND TRANSFERRED HEAT SOME OF THE RULES, DEFINITIONS, AND NOTES, MAINLY USED IN THIS BOOK, THAT SIMPLIFY THE GRAPHICAL CALCULATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES THE THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES CALCULATING THE TRANSFERRED HEAT DURING PHYSICAL IDEAL GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES THE PURE ANALYTICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE TRANSFERRED HEAT DURING PHYSICAL IDEAL GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES ABOUT THE BAD EFFECT OF ABBREVIATING THE CALCULATING EQUATIONS BY CUTTING OFF THEIR HIGHER-DEGREE TERMS SOME ADDITIONAL ANALYSES ON EQUATIONS (3-36) THE TABULAR CALCULATIONS OF THE TRANSFERRED HEAT DURING PHYSICAL IDEAL GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES THE ALMOST EXACT (HIGHLY ACCURATE) CALCULATION OF THE TRANSFERRED HEAT THE APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS OF THE TRANSFERRED HEAT DURING PHYSICAL IDEAL GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF A MIXTURE ABOUT HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS FOR CHEMICAL STATE CHANGE PROCESSES OF A GAS THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE FIRST LAW FORMS THE ANALYTICAL EXPRESSION FOR THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 4 CALCULATIONS OF IDEAL GAS PHYSICAL STATE CHANGE PROCESSES IN CLOSED SYSTEMS (PART I) THE SPECIAL CASES OF THE GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES AND THEIR REPRESENTATION ON PROPERTY DIAGRAMS THE SPECIAL CASES OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR ANY GAS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR THE ISOCHORIC PROCESS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR THE ISOBARIC PROCESS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR THE ADIABATIC PROCESS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR THE ISOTHERMAL PROCESS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR THE CLOSED PROCESS CALCULATING THE IDEAL GAS INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY CHANGES CALCULATING THE IDEAL GAS INTERNAL ENERGY CHANGE CALCULATING THE IDEAL GAS ENTHALPY CHANGE THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR IDEAL GASES THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR IDEAL GAS ISOTHERMAL PROCESS THE MEYER EQUATION 5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE OBSERVED PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE THERMAL– MECHANICAL TRANSFORMATIONS PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSFORMATION OF HEAT ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES IN TERMS OF THEIR ABILITY TO OPERATE CONTINUOUSLY THE CYCLIC (PERIODICAL) OPERATING ENGINE THE NO-COE PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSFORMATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO THERMAL ENERGY PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEAT TRANSFER WHEN TWO OBJECTS (HOT AND COLD) ARE CONTACTED THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE THE DIRECT THERMODYNAMIC (POWER) CYCLE THE REVERSE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE NOTES ABOUT THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES AND CYCLIC OPERATING MACHINES EVALUATING THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES EVALUATING ENGINE CYCLES (THE DIRECT CYCLES) THE EQUIPOLLENT THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES THE CARNOT CYCLE THE REVERSE CARNOT CYCLE INTRODUCTION TO CARNOT THEOREM (EXISTING FORMULATIONS OF CARNOT THEORY) ENTROPY HEAT REGENERATION THE REGENERATABLE CYCLE THE FULLY REVERSIBLE REGENERATABLE CYCLE THE REGENERATIVE CYCLE THE NONREGENERATIVE CYCLE THE NONREGENERATABLE CYCLE THE HEAT REGENERATOR ABOUT CYCLE’S ABILITY FOR HEAT REGENERATION THE REGENERATABILITY CONDITION DISCUSSING THE REGENERATABILITY OF SOME DIRECT THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES ABOUT THE THEORETICAL REALIZATION OF REVERSIBLE GAS STATE CHANGE PROCESSES: IN BRIEF (THE FULL ANALYSIS IN THE SECOND VOLUME) 5 10 1 INTRODUCTION 5 10 2 ABOUT THE IMAGINARY MODELS IN THERMODYNAMICS 5 10 3 THE TRADITIONAL/CLASSICAL MODEL/METHOD FOR REALIZING A REVERSIBLE PROCESS