PRODUCER GAS: PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION, AND USES
CONTENTS PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND FUEL TYPES INTRODUCTION TO FUEL ?EXIBLE ENERGY INTRODUCTION CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES UNCONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES FISCHER–TROPSCH PROCESS ELECTRICAL ENERGY FUEL ?EXIBILITY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SOLID FUEL TYPES FOR ENERGY GENERATION: COAL AND FOSSIL CARBON-DERIVATIVE SOLID FUELS FOSSIL FUEL FEEDSTOCKS FUELS DERIVED FROM COAL COAL SUPPLY CHAIN MAIN CHARACTERISTICS FUTURE TRENDS SUMMARY SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION BIOMASS AND AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY GENERATION BIOMASS RESOURCES AND SUPPLY CHAINS BIOMASS PROPERTIES AND MEASUREMENT OF PROPERTIES SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS TERMINOLOGY PART TWO FUEL PREPARATION, HANDLING AND TRANSPORT BIOMASS FUEL TRANSPORT AND HANDLING THE CHALLENGES OF BIOMASS HANDLING SOURCES AND TYPES OF BIOMASS, AND CLASSI?CATIONS ACCORDING TO HANDLING PROPERTIES OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPATIBILITY OF DIFFERENT FUELS WITH A HANDLING SYSTEM FUEL PRE-PROCESSING, PRE-TREATMENT AND STORAGE FOR CO-?RING OF BIOMASS AND COAL HANDLING AND STORAGE OF BIOMASS AT COAL-?RED POWER PLANTS BIOMASS PRE-TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRIAL-SCALE EXPERIENCE WITH PRE-TREATED BIOMASS BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION PNEUMATIC CONVEYING MECHANICAL DURABILITY AND STORAGE EXPLOSIVITY CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS NOMENCLATURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PRODUCTION OF SYNGAS, SYNFUEL, BIO-OILS, AND BIOGAS FROM COAL, BIOMASS, AND OPPORTUNITY FUELS GASI?CATION BIOGAS OTHER METHODS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS SYNGAS CONVERSION TO PRODUCTS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS PART THREE COMBUSTION AND CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE SOLID-FUEL COMBUSTION COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLID FUELS PLANT INTEGRITY IN SOLID FUEL-?EXIBLE POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL SOLID FUELS POWER PLANT TYPES, COMPONENT OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS AND FUEL OPTIONS DEGRADATION MECHANISMS AND MODELLING FLEXIBLE FUEL USE QUANTI?CATION OF DAMAGE AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES FUEL ?EXIBLE GAS PRODUCTION: BIOMASS, COAL AND BIO-SOLID WASTES CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMASS, COAL AND BIO-SOLID WASTES CO-GASI?CATION OF BIOMASS AND COAL, AND CO-GASI?CATION OF BIOMASS AND BIO-SOLID WASTES CO-PYROLYSIS OF BLENDED SOLID FUELS CONCLUDING REMARKS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS AND PLANT DESIGN ISSUES FOR FUEL-?EXIBLE GAS TURBINES GAS TURBINES IN PLANTS FUEL-?EXIBLE GAS TURBINES GASEOUS FUELS FOR GAS TURBINE OPERATION GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION-RELATED CHALLENGES FOR GASEOUS FUEL ?EXIBILITY OTHER FUEL ?EXIBILITY IMPACTS ON THE GAS TURBINE FUEL-?EXIBLE GAS TURBINE INSTALLATION GAS TURBINE WITH EXTERNAL HEATING INTEGRATED IN PLANTS CO2 CAPTURE IN GAS-TURBINE INTEGRATED PLANTS OTHER INTEGRATED CYCLES FUEL ?EXIBILITY WITH DUAL-FUEL ENGINES THE FOUR-STROKE SPARK-IGNITED GAS ENGINE THE DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SPECI?CATIONS SYSTEMS FOR CREATING FUEL ?EXIBILITY PLANT PERFORMANCE