HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PROCESS FLUID MECHANICS 10 INTRODUCTION 11 BASIC RELATIONSHIPS IN FLUID MECHANICS 111 MASS BALANCE 112 MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE 113 FORCE BALANCE 12 FLUID FLOW EQUIPMENT 121 PIPES 122 VALVES 123 PUMPS 124 COMPRESSORS 13 FRICTIONAL PIPE FLOW 131 CALCULATING FRICTIONAL LOSSES 132 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW 133 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 134 CHOKED FLOW 14 OTHER FLOW SITUATIONS 141 FLOW PAST SUBMERGED OBJECTS 142 FLUIDIZED BEDS 143 FLOWRATE MEASUREMENT 15 PERFORMANCE OF FLUID FLOW EQUIPMENT 151 BASE-CASE RATIOS 152 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD 153 PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVES 154 COMPRESSORS 155 PERFORMANCE OF THE FEED SECTION TO A PROCESS CHAPTER 2 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER 20 INTRODUCTION 21 BASIC HEAT-EXCHANGER RELATIONSHIPS 211 COUNTERCURRENT FLOW 212 COCURRENT FLOW 213 STREAMS WITH PHASE CHANGES 214 NONLINEAR Q VERSUS T CURVES 215 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, U, VARIES ALONG THE EXCHANGER 22 HEAT-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS 221 SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS 23 LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR FOR MULTIPLE SHELL AND TUBE PASSES 231 BACKGROUND 232 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF A SINGLE-SHELL-PASS, DOUBLE-TUBE-PASS (1–2) EXCHANGER 233 MULTIPLE SHELL-AND-TUBE-PASS EXCHANGERS 234 CROSS-FLOW EXCHANGERS 235 LMTD CORRECTION AND PHASE CHANGE 24 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS–RESISTANCES IN SERIES 25 ESTIMATION OF INDIVIDUAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS AND FOULING RESISTANCES 251 HEAT TRANSFER RESISTANCES DUE TO FOULING 252 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF COMMON METALS AND TUBE PROPERTIES 253 CORRELATIONS FOR FILM HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 26 EXTENDED SURFACES 261 RECTANGULAR FIN WITH CONSTANT THICKNESS 262 FIN EFFICIENCY FOR OTHER FIN GEOMETRIES 263 TOTAL HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE EFFECTIVENESS 27 ALGORITHM AND WORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGERS 271 PRESSURE DROP CONSIDERATIONS 272 DESIGN ALGORITHM 28 PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS 281 WHAT VARIABLES TO SPECIFY IN PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS 282 USING RATIOS TO DETERMINE HEAT-EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE 283 WORKED EXAMPLES FOR PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS CHAPTER 3 SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 30 INTRODUCTION 31 BASIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SEPARATIONS 311 MASS BALANCES 312 ENERGY BALANCES 313 EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS 314 MASS TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS 315 RATE EXPRESSIONS 32 ILLUSTRATIVE DIAGRAMS 321 TP-XY DIAGRAMS 322 MCCABE-THIELE DIAGRAM 323 DILUTE SOLUTIONS—THE KREMSER AND COLBURN METHODS 33 EQUIPMENT 331 DRUMS 332 TRAY TOWERS 333 PACKED TOWERS 334 TRAY TOWER OR PACKED TOWER? 335 PERFORMANCE OF PACKED AND TRAY TOWERS 34 EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT 341 MIXER-SETTLERS 342 STATIC AND PULSED COLUMNS 343 AGITATED COLUMNS 344 CENTRIFUGAL EXTRACTORS 35 GAS PERMEATION MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS 351 EQUIPMENT 352 MODELS FOR GAS PERMEATION MEMBRANES 353 PRACTICAL ISSUES CHAPTER 4 REACTORS 40 INTRODUCTION 41 BASIC RELATIONSHIPS 411 KINETICS 412 EQUILIBRIUM 413 ADDITIONAL MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS 414 MASS BALANCES 415 ENERGY BALANCES 416 REACTOR MODELS 42 EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR NONISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS 421 NONISOTHERMAL CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR 422 NONISOTHERMAL PLUG FLOW REACTOR 423 FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR 43 PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS 431 RATIOS FOR SIMPLE CASES 432 MORE COMPLEX EXAMPLES CHAPTER 5 OTHER EQUIPMENT 50 INTRODUCTION 51 PRESSURE VESSELS 511 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 512 BASIC DESIGN EQUATIONS 52 KNOCKOUT DRUMS OR SIMPLE PHASE SEPARATORS 521 VAPOR-LIQUID (V-L) SEPARATION 522 DESIGN OF VERTICAL V-L SEPARATORS 523 DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL V-L SEPARATORS 524 MIST ELIMINATORS AND OTHER INTERNALS 525 LIQUID-LIQUID (L-L) SEPARATION 53 STEAM EJECTORS 531 ESTIMATING AIR LEAKS INTO VACUUM SYSTEMS AND THE LOAD FOR STEAM EJECTORS 532 SINGLE-STAGE STEAM EJECTORS 533 MULTISTAGE STEAM EJECTORS 534 PERFORMANCE OF STEAM EJECTORS