FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES OF MEASURING VELOCITIES PRINCIPLE OF PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (PIV) DEVELOPMENT OF PIV DURING THE LAST DECADES EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF PIV PIV TODAY MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES OF PIV PIV FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN TURBULENT FLOWS PIV FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN LARGE TEST FACILITIES REFERENCES PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND TRACER PARTICLES FLUID MECHANICAL PROPERTIES NEUTRALLY BUOYANT PARTICLES EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCES BROWNIAN MOTION LIGHT SCATTERING BEHAVIOR EFFECTIVE SIZE OF POLYDISPERSE PARTICLES PARTICLE GENERATION AND SUPPLY SEEDING OF LIQUIDS SEEDING OF GASES SEEDING DISTRIBUTION IN WIND TUNNELS LIGHT SOURCES LASERS FEATURES AND COMPONENTS OF PIV LASERS LIGHT EMITTING DIODES WHITE LIGHT SOURCES LIGHT DELIVERY LIGHT SHEET OPTICS FIBER BASED ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION OF SMALL VOLUMES ILLUMINATION OF LARGE VOLUMES IMAGING OF SMALL PARTICLES DIFFRACTION LIMITED IMAGING LENS ABERRATIONS PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION BASICS OF MICROSCOPIC IMAGING IN-PLANE SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF MICROSCOPIC IMAGING MICROSCOPES TYPICALLY USED IN MICRO-PIV CONFOCAL MICROSCOPIC IMAGING SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR DIGITAL IMAGE RECORDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CCD SENSORS CHARACTERISTICS OF CMOS SENSORS SOURCES OF NOISE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS LINEARITY AND DYNAMIC RANGE RECORDING TECHNIQUES FOR PIV DIGITAL CAMERAS FOR PIV FULL-FRAME CCD FRAME TRANSFER CCD INTERLINE TRANSFER CCD CMOS IMAGING SENSORS HIGH-SPEED CAMERAS SINGLE FRAME/MULTI-EXPOSURE RECORDING IMAGE SHIFTING MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF STATISTICAL PIV EVALUATION PARTICLE IMAGE LOCATIONS IMAGE INTENSITY FIELD MEAN VALUE, AUTO-CORRELATION AND VARIANCE OF A SINGLE EXPOSURE RECORDING CROSS-CORRELATION OF A PAIR OF TWO SINGLY EXPOSED RECORDINGS CORRELATION OF A DOUBLY EXPOSED RECORDING EXPECTED VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT CORRELATION IMAGE EVALUATION METHODS FOR PIV CORRELATION AND FOURIER TRANSFORM CORRELATION OPTICAL FOURIER TRANSFORM DIGITAL FOURIER TRANSFORM OVERVIEW OF PIV EVALUATION METHODS PIV EVALUATION DISCRETE SPATIAL CORRELATION IN PIV EVALUATION CORRELATION SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT EVALUATION OF DOUBLY EXPOSED PIV IMAGES ADVANCED DIGITAL INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES CROSS-CORRELATION PEAK DETECTION INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES FOR PIV TIME-SERIES PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY PARTICLE IMAGE DETECTION AND POSITION ESTIMATION PARTICLE PAIRING AND DISPLACEMENT ESTIMATION SPATIAL RESOLUTION PERFORMANCE OF PARTICLE TRACKING MULTI-FRAME PARTICLE TRACKING PIV UNCERTAINTY AND MEASUREMENT ACCURACY COMMON PIV MEASUREMENT ERROR CONTRIBUTIONS MEASUREMENT ERROR DUE TO INVALID MEASUREMENTS RELATIVE UNCERTAINTY, DYNAMIC VELOCITY RANGE AND DYNAMIC SPATIAL RANGE MEASUREMENT ERROR ERROR PROPAGATION PIV MEASUREMENT ERROR ESTIMATION SYNTHETIC PARTICLE IMAGE GENERATION OPTIMIZATION OF PARTICLE IMAGE DIAMETER PEAK LOCKING OPTIMIZATION OF PARTICLE IMAGE DENSITY EFFECT OF BACKGROUND NOISE EFFECT OF PARTICLE IMAGE SHIFT EFFECT OF OUT-OF-PLANE MOTION EFFECT OF DISPLACEMENT GRADIENTS EFFECT OF STREAMLINE CURVATURE OPTIMIZATION OF PIV UNCERTAINTY MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEMS POST-PROCESSING OF PIV DATA DATA VALIDATION VECTOR DIFFERENCE TEST MEDIAN TEST NORMALIZED MEDIAN TEST Z-SCORE TEST GLOBAL HISTOGRAM OPERATOR OTHER VALIDATION FILTERS IMPLEMENTATION OF DATA VALIDATION ALGORITHMS REPLACEMENT SCHEMES DATA ASSIMILATION TECHNIQUES ERROR MINIMIZATION ENHANCING TEMPORAL RESOLUTION ENHANCING SPATIAL RESOLUTION VECTOR FIELD OPERATORS ESTIMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL QUANTITIES STANDARD DIFFERENTIATION SCHEMES ALTERNATIVE DIFFERENTIATION SCHEMES UNCERTAINTIES AND ERRORS IN DIFFERENTIAL ESTIMATION ESTIMATION OF INTEGRAL QUANTITIES PATH INTEGRALS – CIRCULATION PATH INTEGRALS – MASS FLOW AREA INTEGRALS PRESSURE AND FORCES FROM PIV DATA VORTEX DETECTION STEREOSCOPIC PIV IMPLEMENTATION OF STEREOSCOPIC PIV RECONSTRUCTION GEOMETRY STEREO VIEWING CALIBRATION CAMERA CALIBRATION DISPARITY CORRECTION STEREO-PIV IN LIQUIDS GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STEREO PIV TECHNIQUES FOR 3D-PIV THREE-COMPONENT PIV MEASUREMENTS IN A VOLUME TOMOGRAPHIC PIV GENERAL FEATURES 3D OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION 3D MOTION ANALYSIS 4D-PIV ANALYSIS MEDIA GALLERY VOLUMETRIC PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY OVERVIEW OF PTV MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES SHAKE-THE-BOX LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE TRACKING ITERATIVE PARTICLE RECONSTRUCTION CALIBRATION OF OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION SHAKE-THE-BOX ALGORITHM SHAKE-THE-BOX FOR MULTI-PULSE SYSTEMS: 3D LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE TRACKING IN HIGH SPEED ?OWS FITTING PARTICLE POSITIONS ALONG THE TRAJECTORY DATA ASSIMILATION FOR INTERPOLATION TO CARTESIAN MESH MICRO-PIV MICRO?UIDICS BACKGROUND MICRO?UIDIC DIAGNOSTICS TYPICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF 2D PLANAR LPIV 2D PLANAR MICRO-PIV DEVELOPMENT IMAGING OF VOLUME-ILLUMINATED SMALL PARTICLES IN LPIV THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION PATTERN DEPTH OF FIELD DEPTH OF CORRELATION PARTICLE VISIBILITY 3D MICRO-PIV OVERVIEW EPI-FLUORESCENCE SCANNING MICROSCOPY MULTI CAMERA APPROACHES (SCANNING) STEREOSCOPIC IMAGING TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING SINGLE CAMERA APPROACHES CONFOCAL SCANNING MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES BASED ON OUT-OF-FOCUS IMAGING WITHOUT APERTURE DEFOCUSED IMAGING WITH APERTURE (THREE-PINHOLE TECHNIQUE) IMAGING BASED ON ABERRATIONS (ASTIGMATISM) GENERAL DEFOCUSING PARTICLE TRACKING (GDPT) APPLICATIONS: BOUNDARY LAYERS BOUNDARY LAYER INSTABILITIES NEAR WALL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER BOUNDARY LAYER CHARACTERIZATION TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF LARGE-SCALE PIV AND LONG-RANGE LPTV SHOCK WAVE/TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTION APPLICATIONS: TRANSONIC FLOWS CASCADE BLADE WITH COOLING AIR EJECTION TRANSONIC FLOW ABOVE AN AIRFOIL TRANSONIC FLOW AROUND A FAN BLADE STEREO PIV APPLIED TO A TRANSONIC TURBINE PIV APPLIED TO A TRANSONIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR TRANSONIC BUFFETING MEASUREMENTS ON A 1:60 SCALE ARIANE 5 LAUNCHER USING HIGH SPEED PIV SUPERSONIC PIV MEASUREMENTS ON A SPACE SHUTTLE MODEL PIV IN A HIGH-SPEED WIND TUNNEL APPLICATIONS: HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS ROTOR FLOW INVESTIGATION WIND TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS OF ROTOR BLADE VORTICES MEASUREMENT OF ROTOR BLADE VORTICES IN HOVER THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS FLOW DIAGNOSTICS OF DYNAMIC STALL ON A PITCHING AIRFOIL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR SEPARATION BUBBLE ON HELICOPTER BLADES APPLICATIONS: AEROACOUSTIC AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS PIV APPLIED TO AEROACOUSTICS PIV IN TRAILING-EDGE NOISE ESTIMATION A HIGH-SPEED PIV STUDY ON TRAILING-EDGE NOISE SOURCES THREE-DIMENSIONAL VORTEX AND PRESSURE DYNAMICS OF REVOLVING WINGS PIV-BASED PRESSURE AND LOAD DETERMINATION IN TRANSONIC AIRCRAFT PROPELLERS APPLICATIONS: FLOWS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES STUDY OF THERMAL CONVECTION AND COUETTE FLOWS COMBINED PIT/PIV OF AIR FLOWS USING THERMOCHROMIC LIQUID CRYSTALS PIV FOR CHARACTERISATION OF PLASMA ACTUATORS PIV IN REACTING FLOWS FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS ABOVE WING OF HIGH-LIFT AIRCRAFT CON?GURATION AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER APPLICATIONS: MICRO PIV FLOW IN A MICROCHANNEL ANALYTICAL SOLUTION TO CHANNEL FLOW EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS FLOW IN AN ELECTROTHERMAL MICRO-VORTEX PROPER ORTHOGONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF 3D MICRO PIV DATA HYBRID EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR 3D RECONSTRUCTION PARTICLE VELOCIMETRY USING EVANESCENT-WAVE ILLUMINATION FOR NEAR-WALL FLOWS MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLOW AROUND A GROWING HYDROGEN BUBBLE USING LONG-RANGE LPIV AND SHADOWGRAPHY IN VIVO BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENTS USING MICRO-PIV RECONSTRUCTION OF FLUID INTERFACES USING 3D ASTIGMATIC PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY APPLICATIONS: STEREO PIV AND MULTIPLANE STEREO PIV STEREO PIV APPLIED TO A VORTEX RING FLOW MULTIPLANE STEREO PIV APPLICATIONS: VOLUMETRIC FLOW MEASUREMENTS VORTICITY DYNAMICS OF JETS WITH TOMOGRAPHIC PIV NEAR-WALL TURBULENCE CHARACTERIZATION IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER USING SHAKE-THE-BOX LARGE-SCALE VOLUMETRIC FLOW MEASUREMENT OF A THERMAL PLUME USING LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE TRACKING (SHAKE-THE-BOX) LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE TRACKING IN A LARGE-SCALE IMPINGING JET USING SHAKE-THE-BOX 3D LAGRANGIAN PARTICLE TRACKING OF A HIGH-SUBSONIC JET USING FOUR-PULSE SHAKE-THE-BOX FLOW OVER A FULL-SCALE CYCLIST MODEL BY TOMOGRAPHIC PTV RELATED TECHNIQUES DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT BY DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION (DIC) DEFORMATION MEASUREMENT IN A HIGH-PRESSURE FACILITY BACKGROUND-ORIENTED SCHLIEREN TECHNIQUE (BOS) PRINCIPLE OF THE BOS TECHNIQUE APPLICATION OF THE BOS TO COMPRESSIBLE VORTICES