CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS
CONTENTS 1 BASIC CONCEPTS I FUNDAMENTALS A BASIC LAWS B EXPERIENCE II OBJECTIVE III PHENOMENOLOGICAL RATE OR TRANSPORT LAWS A FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION B FICK’S LAW OF DIFFUSION C OHM’S LAW OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY D NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY IV THE ‘‘SYSTEM’’ V TURBULENT MACROSCOPIC (CONVECTIVE) TRANSPORT MODELS PROBLEMS NOTATION 2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SCALE-UP I INTRODUCTION II UNITS AND DIMENSIONS A DIMENSIONS B UNITS C CONVERSION FACTORS III CONSERVATION OF DIMENSIONS A NUMERICAL VALUES B CONSISTENT UNITS IV DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS A PIPELINE ANALYSIS B UNIQUENESS C DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES D PROBLEM SOLUTION E ALTERNATIVE GROUPS V SCALE-UP VI DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS IN FLUID MECHANICS VII ACCURACY AND PRECISION 3 FLUID PROPERTIES IN PERSPECTIVE I CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND FLUID PROPERTIES II DETERMINATION OF FLUID VISCOUS (RHEOLOGICAL) PROPERTIES A CUP-AND-BOB (COUETTE) VISCOMETER B TUBE FLOW (POISEUILLE) VISCOMETER III TYPES OF OBSERVED FLUID BEHAVIOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID B BINGHAM PLASTIC MODEL C POWER LAW MODEL CONTENTS D STRUCTURAL VISCOSITY MODELS IV TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY A LIQUIDS B GASES V DENSITY REFERENCES 4 FLUID STATICS I STRESS AND PRESSURE II THE BASIC EQUATION OF FLUID STATICS A CONSTANT DENSITY FLUIDS B IDEAL GAS—ISOTHERMAL C IDEAL GAS—ISENTROPIC D THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE III MOVING SYSTEMS A VERTICAL ACCELERATION B HORIZONTALLY ACCELERATING FREE SURFACE C ROTATING FLUID IV BUOYANCY V STATIC FORCES ON SOLID BOUNDARIES 5 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES I THE SYSTEM II CONSERVATION OF MASS A MACROSCOPIC BALANCE B MICROSCOPIC BALANCE III CONSERVATION OF ENERGY A INTERNAL ENERGY B ENTHALPY IV IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS A KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION V CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM A ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN A TUBE B THE LOSS COEF?CIENT C CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONTENTS D MOVING BOUNDARY SYSTEMS AND RELATIVE MOTION E MICROSCOPIC MOMENTUM BALANCE 6 PIPE FLOW I FLOW REGIMES II GENERAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE FLOWS A ENERGY BALANCE B MOMENTUM BALANCE C CONTINUITY D ENERGY DISSIPATION III NEWTONIAN FLUIDS A LAMINAR FLOW B TURBULENT FLOW C ALL FLOW REGIMES IV POWER LAW FLUIDS V BINGHAM PLASTICS C ALL REYNOLDS NUMBERS VI PIPE FLOW PROBLEMS A UNKNOWN DRIVING FORCE B UNKNOWN FLOW RATE C UNKNOWN DIAMETER D USE OF TABLES VII TUBE FLOW (POISEUILLE) VISCOMETER VIII TURBULENT DRAG REDUCTION 7 INTERNAL FLOW APPLICATIONS I NONCIRCULAR CONDUITS A LAMINAR FLOWS B TURBULENT FLOWS CONTENTS II MOST ECONOMICAL DIAMETER A NEWTONIAN FLUIDS B NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS III FRICTION LOSS IN VALVES AND FITTLNGS A LOSS COEF?CIENT B EQUIVALENT L=D METHOD C CRANE METHOD D 2-K (HOOPER) METHOD E 3-K (DARBY) METHOD IV NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS V PIPE FLOW PROBLEMS WITH FITTINGS VI SLACK FLOW VII PIPE NETWORKS 8 PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS I PUMPS A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS B CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS II PUMP CHARACTERISTICS III PUMPING REQUIREMENTS AND PUMP SELECTION A REQUIRED HEAD B COMPOSITE CURVES IV CAVITATION AND NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) A VAPOR LOCK AND CAVITATION B NPSH C SPECI?C SPEED D SUCTION SPECI?C SPEED V COMPRESSORS A ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION B ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION C STAGED OPERATION D EF?CIENCY CONTENTS PROBLEMS 9 COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS I GAS PROPERTIES A IDEAL GAS B THE SPEED OF SOUND II PIPE FLOW A ISOTHERMAL FLOW B ADIABATIC FLOW C CHOKED FLOW D THE EXPANSION FACTOR E IDEAL ADIABATIC FLOW III GENERALIZED EXPRESSIONS A GOVERNING EQUATIONS B APPLICATIONS C SOLUTION OF HIGH-SPEED GAS PROBLEMS 10 FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL I SCOPE II THE PITOT TUBE III THE VENTURI AND NOZZLE IV THE ORIFICE METER A INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW B COMPRESSIBLE FLOW V LOSS COEFFICIENT VI ORIFICE PROBLEMS A UNKNOWN PRESSURE DROP VII CONTROL VALVES A VALVE CHARACTERISTICS B VALVE SIZING RELATIONS C COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS D VISCOSITY CORRECTION CONTENTS NOTATION 11 EXTERNAL FLOWS I DRAG COEFFICIENT A STOKES FLOW B FORM DRAG D CYLINDER DRAG E BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS II FALLING PARTICLES A UNKNOWN VELOCITY B UNKNOWN DIAMETER C UNKNOWN VISCOSITY III CORRECTION FACTORS A WALL EFFECTS B DROPS AND BUBBLES A POWER LAW FLUIDS B WALL EFFECTS C CARREAU FLUIDS D BINGHAM PLASTICS 12 FLUID–SOLID SEPARATIONS BY FREE SETTLING I FLUID–SOLID SEPARATIONS II GRAVITY SETTLING III CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION A FLUID–SOLID SEPARATION B SEPARATION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS IV CYCLONE SEPARATIONS A GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS B AEROCYCLONES C HYDROCYCLONES CONTENTS 13 FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA I DESCRIPTION OF POROUS MEDIA A HYDRAULIC DIAMETER B POROUS MEDIUM FRICTION FACTOR C POROUS MEDIUM REYNOLDS NUMBER II FRICTION LOSS IN POROUS MEDIA III PERMEABILITY IV MULTIDIMENSIONAL FLOW V PACKED COLUMNS VI FILTRATION B CONSTANT PRESSURE OPERATION C CONSTANT FLOW OPERATION D CYCLE TIME E PLATE-AND-FRAME FILTERS F ROTARY DRUM FILTER G COMPRESSIBLE CAKE 14 FLUIDIZATION AND SEDIMENTATION I FLUIDIZATION B MINIMUM BED VOIDAGE C NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES II SEDIMENTATION A HINDERED SETTLING B FINE PARTICLES C COARSE PARTICLES D ALL FLOW REGIMES III GENERALIZED SEDIMENTATION/ FLUIDIZATION IV THICKENING CONTENTS 15 TWO-PHASE FLOW II DEFINITIONS III FLUID–SOLID TWO-PHASE PIPE FLOWS A PSEUDOHOMOGENEOUS FLOWS B HETEROGENEOUS LIQUID–SOLID FLOWS C PNEUMATIC SOLIDS TRANSPORT IV GAS–LIQUID TWO-PHASE PIPE FLOW A FLOW REGIMES