MODERN POWER GAS PRODUCER PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS

By MIA RODRIGUEZ

CONTENTS CHAPTER HYDROGEN: ECONOMICS AND ITS ROLE IN BIOREFINING INTRODUCTION CONVENTIONAL ROUTES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND CORRESPONDING COSTS STEAM REFORMING/AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING/PARTIAL OXIDATION OF FOSSIL FEEDSTOCKS COST ANALYSIS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FUTURE ROUTES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION REFORMING OF BIOMASS WATER ELECTROLYSIS HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROCESSES HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE HYDROGEN USE IN DIFFERENT ROUTES OF BIOMASS TRANSFORMATION CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CHAPTER GENERAL REACTION MECHANISMS IN HYDROGENATION AND HYDROGENOLYSIS FOR BIOREFINING HYDROGENATION OF A,B-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS CONVERSION OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND ESTERS HYDROGENOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION–HYDROGENATION MECHANISM GLYCERALDEHYDE-BASED MECHANISM HYDRIDE-ATTACK MECHANISM HYDROGENOLYSIS OF FURFURAL AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL HYDROGENOLYSIS OF FURFURAL TO 1,5-PENTANEDIOL HYDROGENOLYSIS OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL TO 1,6-HEXANEDIOL HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE AND INULIN TO SUGAR ALCOHOLS HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE AND INULIN TO C2 AND C3 DIOLS HYDROGENOLYSIS OF LIGNIN TO PHENOLS AND FUELS HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF CARBOHYDRATES TO BIOFUELS NOBLE-METAL CATALYSTS FOR CONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE UNDER HYDROGEN PRESSURE HYDROLYTIC HYDROGENATION OF CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLULOSE CATALYSIS OF NOBLE METALS FOR HYDROLYTIC HYDROGENATION OPTIMIZATION OF CATALYSTS ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS HYDROGENOLYSIS OF LIGNIN HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF LIGNIN-RELATED PHENOLS SUMMARY SOLVENTS AND SOLVENT EFFECTS IN BIOMASS CONVERSION PLANT BIOMASS AND HYDROGEN SOLUBILIZATION CELLULOSE SOLUBILIZATION LIGNIN SOLUBILIZATION HYDROGEN SOLUBILITY SOLVENT PROPERTIES POLARITY (ET N) KAMLET–TAFT PARAMETERS (A, B AND P*) ACCEPTOR NUMBER (AN) DONOR NUMBER (DN) SELECTED EXAMPLES OF SOLVENT EFFECTS IN BIOMASS HYDROGENATION PREFERENTIAL ADSORPTION REACTIVE SOLVENT CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CELLULOSE AND SUGARS MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE DEGRADATION OF GLUCOSE HYDROGENOLYSIS CELLOBIOSE AS A MODEL COMPOUND RECENT ADVANCES IN HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CELLULOSE APPLICATION OF NOBLE-METAL CATALYSTS IN AQUEOUS PHASE APPLICATION OF NOBLE-METAL CATALYSTS AND ACIDS IN AQUEOUS PHASE CATALYSIS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA CATALYSIS BY BASE-METAL CATALYSTS HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE-DERIVED PLATFORM MOLECULES EFFECTIVE H/C RATIO AND ITS IMPORTANCE (HYDRO)DEOXYGENATION OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL HYDROGENATION AND HYDRODEOXYGENATION USING MOLECULAR HYDROGEN HYDROGEN-TRANSFER REACTIONS PRODUCTION OF DMF AS A BIOBASED FUEL HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF LEVULINIC ACID CONVERSION OF LEVULINIC ACID USING MOLECULAR HYDROGEN CONVERSION OF LEVULINIC ACID USING FORMIC ACID AS A HYDROGEN SOURCE PROSPECTS: MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF HYDROGENATION AND HYDRODEOXYGENATION REACTIONS USING IN SITU SPECTROSCOPY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATMENT OF FAST PYROLYSIS OILS USING SUPPORTED METAL CATALYSTS THE BIOREFINERY CONCEPT OF FAST PYROLYSIS OIL FAST PYROLYSIS OIL AS AN ENERGY CARRIER FAST PYROLYSIS OIL UPGRADING BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATMENT CATALYST STUDIES ON THE HYDROTREATMENT OF FAST PYROLYSIS OILS ACTIVE METALS CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROTREATMENT PRODUCTS HYDROTREATMENT PATHWAYS AND SEVERITY EFFECTS RECENT STUDIES USING BIMETALLIC NI–CU CATALYSTS CONCLUSIONS HYDRODEOXYGENATION OF BIOMASS-DERIVED LIQUIDS OVER TRANSITION-METAL-SULFIDE CATALYSTS CATALYTIC HYDRODEOXYGENATION (HDO) SULFIDE CATALYSTS HDO OF MODEL COMPOUNDS GUAIACOL PHENOL OTHER OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS HDO OF PYROLYTIC OILS HDO OF VEGETABLE OILS COPROCESSING OF BIOFEEDS COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS DEACTIVATION OF SULFIDE CATALYSTS IN HDO REACTIONS BIOFUELS GENERATION VIA HYDROCONVERSION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND ANIMAL FATS PROCESSES OF HYDROCONVERSION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND ANIMAL FATS COPROCESSING TRIGLYCERIDES IN A CONVENTIONAL HDT UNIT STANDALONE HYDROPROCESSING OF TRIGLYCERIDES HYDROCONVERSION OF WASTE COOKING OIL OPERATING PARAMETERS, CATALYSTS, DIESEL YIELDS TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION COPROCESSING WITH PETROLEUM FRACTIONS CHAPTER 10 CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF VEGETABLE OILS VEGETABLE OILS CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF VEGETABLE OILS ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY IN THE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF VEGETABLE OILS SELECTIVITY CONCEPTS INFLUENCE OF THE HYDROGENATION CONDITIONS INFLUENCE OF THE OIL FEEDSTOCK INFLUENCE OF THE CATALYST PROPERTIES TRENDS IN THE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF VEGETABLE OILS MODIFIED NI CATALYSTS COPPER-BASED CATALYSTS PRECIOUS-METAL CATALYSTS CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 11 HYDROGENOLYSIS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS WITH CARBON MONOXIDE OR FORMATE IN PRESSURIZED HOT WATER MECHANISM OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS LIQUEFACTION WITH CO IN WATER HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CELLULOSE HYDROGENOLYSIS OF BIOMASS CHAPTER 12 REACTOR TECHNOLOGY AND MODELING ASPECTS FOR THE HYDROGENATION OF COMPONENTS FROM BIOMASS REACTOR TECHNOLOGY SLURRY REACTOR FIXED-BED REACTORS REACTION KINETICS REACTION MECHANISM AND RATE EQUATIONS COMPARISON OF REACTION RATES IN CONTINUOUS FIXED-BED AND BATCH REACTORS CATALYST STABILITY AND DEACTIVATION ACTIVATION ENERGY MASS-TRANSFER EFFECTS GAS–LIQUID AND LIQUID–SOLID MASS TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR AND INTERNAL DIFFUSION IN CATALYST PORES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS GAS SOLUBILITY HEAT-TRANSFER PARAMETERS AND REACTION ENTHALPIES LIQUID FLOW EFFECTS REACTOR MODELING MODELING STEPS MASS BALANCES FOR CONTINUOUS FIXED-BED REACTOR: ISOTHERMAL SYSTEM THERMAL EFFECTS IN FIXED BEDS APPLICATION EXAMPLES THE CORE OF SUCCESSFUL HYDROGENATION OF BIOMASS: SOLID CATALYST GLUCOSE HYDROGENATION ARABINOSE HYDROGENATION CHAPTER 13 SAFETY AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LIQUID-PHASE HYDROGENATION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE OPERATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE REACTORS HIGH-PRESSURE REACTOR BOXES HYDROGEN-SPECIFIC INFORMATION HIGH-PRESSURE BENCH-TOP REACTORS RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THERMAL RUNAWAY REACTION ENTHALPIES ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF HYDROGENATION REACTIONS GAS PURIFICATION AND DELIVERY MATERIALS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-PRESSURE REACTORS TUBING GENERAL DESIGN OF BATCH REACTORS SELECTION OF STIRRER AND STIRRING SPEED CLOSING REMARKS