INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION | GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANTS | ANIONIC SURFACTANTS | CARBOXYLATES | SULFATES | SULFONATES | ISETHIONATES | TAURATES | PHOSPHATE-CONTAINING ANIONIC SURFACTANTS | CATIONIC SURFACTANTS | AMPHOTERIC (ZWITTERIONIC) SURFACTANTS | NONIONIC SURFACTANTS | ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATES | ALKYL PHENOL ETHOXYLATES | FATTY ACID ETHOXYLATES | SORBITAN ESTERS AND THEIR ETHOXYLATED DERIVATIVES (SPANS AND TWEENS) | ETHOXYLATED FATS AND OILS | AMINE ETHOXYLATES | AMINE OXIDES | SPECIALITY SURFACTANTS | FLUOROCARBON AND SILICONE SURFACTANTS | GEMINI SURFACTANTS | SURFACTANTS DERIVED FROM MONO- AND POLYSACCHARIDES | NATURALLY OCCURRING SURFACTANTS | BIOSURFACTANTS | POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS | AGGREGATION OF SURFACTANTS, SELF-ASSEMBLY STRUCTURES, LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES | THERMODYNAMICS OF MICELLIZATION | KINETIC ASPECTS | EQUILIBRIUM ASPECTS: THERMODYNAMICS OF MICELLIZATION | ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY OF MICELLIZATION | DRIVING FORCE FOR MICELLE FORMATION | MICELLIZATION IN SURFACTANT MIXTURES (MIXED MICELLES) | SURFACTANT SELF-ASSEMBLY | STRUCTURE OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES | HEXAGONAL PHASE | MICELLAR CUBIC PHASE | LAMELLAR PHASE | BICONTINUOUS CUBIC PHASES | REVERSED STRUCTURES | EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE PHASE BEHAVIOR OF SURFACTANTS | SURFACTANT ADSORPTION AT INTERFACES | INTRODUCTION | ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE AIR/LIQUID (A/L) AND LIQUID/LIQUID (L/L) INTERFACES | THE GIBBS ADSORPTION ISOTHERM | EQUATION OF STATE APPROACH | THE LANGMUIR, SZYSZKOWSKI AND FRUMKIN EQUATIONS | INTERFACIAL TENSION MEASUREMENTS | THE WILHELMY PLATE METHOD | THE PENDENT DROP METHOD | THE DU NOUY’S RING METHOD | THE DROP VOLUME (WEIGHT) METHOD | THE SPINNING DROP METHOD | ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE | ADSORPTION OF IONIC SURFACTANTS ON HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES | ADSORPTION OF IONIC SURFACTANTS ON POLAR SURFACES | ADSORPTION OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS | SURFACTANTS AS EMULSIFIERS | NATURE OF THE EMULSIFIER | STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM | BREAKDOWN PROCESSES IN EMULSIONS | PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF EMULSION SYSTEMS | THE INTERFACE (GIBBS DIVIDING LINE) | THERMODYNAMICS OF EMULSION FORMATION AND BREAKDOWN | INTERACTION ENERGIES (FORCES) BETWEEN EMULSION DROPLETS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS | MECHANISM OF EMULSIFICATION | METHODS OF EMULSIFICATION | ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN EMULSION FORMATION | ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN DROPLET DEFORMATION | SELECTION OF EMULSIFIERS | THE HYDROPHILIC-LIPOPHILE BALANCE (HLB) CONCEPT | THE PHASE INVERSION TEMPERATURE (PIT) CONCEPT | STABILIZATION OF EMULSIONS | CREAMING OR SEDIMENTATION AND ITS PREVENTION | FLOCCULATION OF EMULSIONS AND ITS PREVENTION | OSTWALD RIPENING AND ITS REDUCTION | EMULSION COALESCENCE AND ITS PREVENTION | SURFACTANTS AS DISPERSANTS AND STABILIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS | ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN PREPARATION OF SOLID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (SUSPENSIONS) | ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN CONDENSATION METHODS NUCLEATION AND GROWTH | EMULSION POLYMERIZATION | DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION | ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN DISPERSION METHODS | ASSESSMENT OF WETTABILITY OF POWDERS | SINKING TIME, SUBMERSION OR IMMERSION TEST | MEASUREMENT OF CONTACT ANGLES OF LIQUIDS AND SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS ON POWDERS | LIST OF WETTING AGENTS FOR HYDROPHOBIC SOLIDS IN WATER | STABILIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS USING SURFACTANTS | SURFACTANTS FOR FOAM STABILIZATION | FOAM PREPARATION | FOAM STRUCTURE | CLASSIFICATION OF FOAM STABILITY | DRAINAGE AND THINNING OF FOAM FILMS | THEORIES OF FOAM STABILITY | FOAM INHIBITORS | CHEMICAL INHIBITORS THAT LOWER VISCOSITY AND INCREASE DRAINAGE | SOLUBILIZED CHEMICALS WHICH CAUSE ANTIFOAMING | DROPLETS AND OIL LENSES WHICH CAUSE ANTIFOAMING AND DEFOAMING | SURFACE TENSION GRADIENTS (INDUCED BY ANTIFOAMERS) | HYDROPHOBIC PARTICLES AS ANTIFOAMERS | MIXTURES OF HYDROPHOBIC PARTICLES AND OILS AS ANTIFOAMERS | ASSESSMENT OF FOAM FORMATION AND STABILITY | EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A FOAMING SURFACTANT | SURFACTANTS IN NANOEMULSIONS | FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EMULSIFICATION | METHODS OF EMULSIFICATION AND THE ROLE OF SURFACTANTS | PREPARATION OF NANOEMULSIONS | USE OF HIGH PRESSURE HOMOGENIZERS | PHASE INVERSION PRINCIPLE METHODS (LOW ENERGY EMULSIFICATION) | STERIC STABILIZATION AND THE ROLE OF THE ADSORBED LAYER THICKNESS | OSTWALD RIPENING | EXAMPLES OF NANOEMULSIONS | SURFACTANTS IN MICROEMULSIONS | THERMODYNAMIC DEFINITION OF MICROEMULSIONS | DESCRIPTION OF MICROEMULSIONS USING PHASE DIAGRAMS | THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF MICROEMULSION FORMATION | CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROEMULSIONS USING SCATTERING TECHNIQUES | TIME AVERAGE (STATIC) LIGHT SCATTERING | DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING (PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY, PCS) | CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROEMULSIONS USING CONDUCTIVITY | NMR MEASUREMENTS | FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSIONS | SURFACTANTS AS WETTING AGENTS | THE CONCEPT OF CONTACT ANGLE | ADHESION TENSION | WORK OF ADHESION WA | WORK OF COHESION | THE SPREADING COEFFICIENT S | CONTACT ANGLE HYSTERESIS | CRITICAL SURFACE TENSION OF WETTING | EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ADSORPTION | MEASUREMENT OF CONTACT ANGLES | INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SURFACTANTS | SURFACTANTS IN THE HOME, PERSONAL CARE AND COSMETICS | SHAVING FORMULATIONS | BAR SOAPS | LIQUID HAND SOAPS | BATH OILS | FOAM (OR BUBBLE) BATHS | AFTER BATH PREPARATIONS | SKIN CARE PRODUCTS | HAIR CARE FORMULATIONS | SUNSCREENS | MAKE-UP PRODUCTS | SURFACTANTS IN PHARMACY | SURFACE ACTIVE DRUGS | NATURALLY OCCURRING MICELLE-FORMING SYSTEMS | BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS | SOLUBILIZED SYSTEMS | PHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF SOLUBILIZATION | SURFACTANTS IN AGROCHEMICALS | SURFACTANTS IN PAINTS AND COATINGS | SURFACTANTS IN DETERGENTS |