TOWN GAS AND ITS USES
1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 1 1 WHY PRODUCE SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS? 1 2 OVERVIEW 2 COAL AND BIOMASS GASIFICATION FOR SNG PRODUCTION 2 1 INTRODUCTION – BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR GASIFICATION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF SNG PRODUCTION 2 2 THERMODYNAMICS OF GASIFICATION 2 2 1 GASIFICATION REACTIONS 2 2 2 OVERALL GASIFICATION PROCESS – EQUILIBRIUM BASED CONSIDERATIONS 2 2 3 GASIFICATION – A MULTI?STEP PROCESS DEVIATING FROM EQUILIBRIUM 2 2 4 HEAT MANAGEMENT OF THE GASIFICATION PROCESS 2 2 5 IMPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY CHOICE 2 3 GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 2 3 1 ENTRAINED FLOW 2 3 2 FIXED BED 2 3 3 DIRECT FLUIDIZED BED 2 3 4 INDIRECT FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION 2 3 5 HYDROGASIFICATION AND CATALYTIC GASIFICATION REFERENCES CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 GAS CLEANING 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 IMPURITIES 3 2 1 PARTICULATE MATTER 3 2 2 TARS 3 2 3 SULFUR COMPOUNDS 3 2 4 HALIDE COMPOUNDS 3 2 5 ALKALI COMPOUNDS 3 2 6 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 3 2 7 OTHER IMPURITIES 3 3 COLD, WARM AND HOT GAS CLEANING 3 3 1 EXAMPLE OF B?IGFC GAS CLEANING PROCESS CHAINS 3 4 GAS CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES 3 4 1 PARTICULATE MATTER 3 4 2 TARS 3 4 3 SULFUR COMPOUNDS 3 4 4 HYDRODESULFURIZATION 3 4 5 CHLORINE (HALIDES) 3 4 6 ALKALI 3 4 7 NITROGEN?CONTAINING COMPOUNDS 3 4 8 OTHER IMPURITIES 3 5 REACTIVE HOT GAS FILTER 4 METHANATION FOR SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION – CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING ASPECTS 4 1 METHANATION – THE SYNTHESIS STEP IN THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS 4 1 1 FEED GAS MIXTURES FOR METHANATION REACTORS 4 1 2 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 4 1 3 METHANATION CATALYSTS: KINETICS AND REACTION MECHANISMS 4 1 4 CATALYST DEACTIVATION 4 2 METHANATION REACTOR TYPES 4 2 1 ADIABATIC FIXED BED REACTORS 4 2 2 COOLED REACTORS 4 2 3 COMPARISON OF METHANATION REACTOR CONCEPTS 4 3 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF METHANATION REACTORS 4 3 1 HOW TO MEASURE (INTRINSIC) KINETICS? 4 3 2 MODELING OF FIXED BED REACTORS 4 3 3 MODELING OF ISOTHERMAL FLUIDIZED BED REACTORS 4 4 CONCLUSIONS AND OPEN RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 5 SYMBOL LIST CONTENTS SNG UPGRADING 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 SEPARATION PROCESSES FOR SNG UPGRADING 5 2 1 BULK CO2/CH4 SEPARATION 5 2 2 REMOVAL OF OTHER COMPOUNDS AND IMPURITIES 5 3 TECHNO?ECONOMICAL COMPARISON OF SELECTED SEPARATION OPTIONS 6 SNG FROM WOOD – THE GOBIGAS PROJECT 6 1 BIOMETHANE IN SWEDEN 6 2 CONDITIONS AND BACKGROUND FOR THE GOBIGAS PROJECT IN GOTHENBURG 6 3 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 6 4 TECHNICAL ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNED 6 5 STATUS 6 6 EFFICIENCY 6 7 ECONOMICS 6 8 OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 1 MOTIVATION 7 1 1 HISTORY “RENEWABLE FUEL PATHS AT ZSW” 7 1 2 GOAL “ENERGIEWENDE” 7 1 3 GOAL “POWER BASED, CARBON BASED FUELS” 7 1 4 GOAL “P2G®” 7 1 5 GOAL “METHANATION” 7 2 THE POWER TO FUEL CONCEPT: CO?UTILIZATION OF (BIOGENIC) CARBON AND HYDROGEN 7 3 P2G® TECHNOLOGY 7 3 1 METHANATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR CO2 BASED SYNGAS 7 3 2 P2G® PLANT LAYOUT OF 25 KWEL, 250 KWEL, AND 6000 KWEL PLANTS 7 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 7 4 1 METHANATION CATALYSTS: SCREENING, CYCLE RESISTANCE, CONTAMINATION BY SULFUR COMPONENTS 7 4 2 RESULTS WITH THE 25 KWEL P2G® PLANT 7 4 3 RESULTS WITH THE 250 KWEL P2G® PLANT 7 4 4 RESULTS WITH THE 250 KWEL P2G® PLANT IN COMBINATION WITH MEMBRANE GAS UPGRADE 7 5 P2G® PROCESS EFFICIENCY CONTENTS 7 6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 8 FLUIDIZED BED METHANATION FOR SNG PRODUCTION – PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AT THE PAUL?SCHERRER INSTITUT 8 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS DEVELOPMENT 8 2 METHANE FROM WOOD – PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AT PSI 9 MILENA INDIRECT GASIFICATION, OLGA TAR REMOVAL, AND ECN PROCESS FOR METHANATION 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 MAIN PROCESS STEPS 9 2 1 MILENA INDIRECT GASIFICATION 9 2 2 OLGA TAR REMOVAL 9 2 3 HDS AND DEEP S REMOVAL 9 2 4 REFORMER 9 2 5 CO2 REMOVAL 9 2 6 METHANATION AND UPGRADING 9 3 PROCESS EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY 9 4 RESULTS AND STATUS 9 4 1 MILENA 9 4 2 OLGA 9 4 3 HDS, REFORMER, AND METHANATION 9 5 OUTLOOK 9 5 1 PRESSURE 9 5 2 CO?PRODUCTION 9 5 3 BIO CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE 9 5 4 POWER TO GAS 10 HYDROTHERMAL PRODUCTION OF SNG FROM WET BIOMASS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 10 3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BASES 10 3 1 CATALYSIS 10 3 2 PHASE BEHAVIOR AND SALT SEPARATION 10 3 3 LIQUEFACTION OF THE SOLID BIOMASS, TAR, AND COKE FORMATION CONTENTS 10 4 PSI’S CATALYTIC SNG PROCESS 10 4 1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND LAYOUT 10 4 2 MASS BALANCE 10 4 3 ENERGY BALANCE 10 4 4 STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AT PSI 10 4 5 COMPARISON TO OTHER SNG PROCESSES 10 5 OPEN QUESTIONS AND OUTLOOK 11 AGNION’S SMALL SCALE SNG CONCEPT 12 INTEGRATED DESULFURIZATION AND METHANATION CONCEPTS FOR SNG PRODUCTION 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 CONCEPTS FOR INTEGRATED DESULFURIZATION AND METHANATION 12 2 1 SULFUR?RESISTANT METHANATION 12 2 2 REGENERATION OF METHANATION CATALYSTS 12 2 3 DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPTS 12 3 REQUIRED FUTURE RESEARCH 12 3 1 SULFUR RESISTANT METHANATION 12 3 2 PERIODIC REGENERATION