CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

By C. BEONI

PART I WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT MATTERS 1 1 IMPORTANCE AND OVERALL DESCRIPTION 3 2 SCALE OF OPERATION 16 3 PART OF A VALUED TRADITION 21 4 ADDRESSING UNIVERSAL AND CHANGING NEEDS 50 PART II DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS 61 5 THERMODYNAMICS CHARACTERIZING DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 67 6 MASS TRANSPORT CHARACTERIZING MASS TRANSFER DRIVERS AND RESISTANCES 124 CONTENTS PART III ENGINEERING PRACTICE 199 7 DISTILLATION RECTIFICATION STRIPPING AND ABSORPTION THE WORKHORSE METHODS 203 8 ENHANCED DISTILLATION TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SPECIFIC MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS 336 9 LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION EMPLOYING MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS ALONE 352 10 ADSORPTION BASED PROCESSES ADDING AN ACTIVE SOLID SURFACE 356 11 CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTION AND FROM THE MELT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF EUTECTIC BEHAVIOR 401 12 MEMBRANE BASED SEPARATIONS ADDING A SEMIPERMEABLE BARRIER BETWEEN PHASES 433 13 SPECIALIZED SEPARATIONS 445 14 INVENTIVE ENGINEERING PROCESS SIMPLIFICATION INTENSIFICATION AND HYBRID PROCESSING 456 1 PART I WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT MATTERS 2 1 IMPORTANCE AND OVERALL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL SEPARATIONS ARE NECESSARY STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALL KINDS OF PRODUCTS NEEDED BY SOCIETY FOR CLEAN DRINKING WATER FOOD MEDICINE CLOTHING HOUSING TRANS PORTATION COMMUNICATIONS AND MORE YOU NAME IT AND CHEMICAL SEPARATION IS ALMOST GUARANTEED TO BE AN ESSENTIAL STEP IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR MANY YEARS THE CHEMICAL AND BIOPROCESSING INDUSTRIES HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTAL NOT ONLY IN THE MANU FACTURE AND PURIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL PRODUCTS FUELS MEDICINES FERTILIZERS PESTICIDES AND SO ON BUT ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PURIFICATION OF ALL THE CHEMI CALS THAT GO INTO ESSENTIALLY ALL MANUFACTURED GOODS AND FORMULATED PRODUCTS ALONG THE WAY TREMENDOUS ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE NOT ONLY IN THE PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BUT ALSO IN HOW THE VARIOUS INGREDIENTS ARE FORMULATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SOLVENTS AND SOLVENT BLENDS AND NEW CHEMICAL ADDITIVES SUCH AS EMULSIFIERS ANTIMI CROBIALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS FOR BETTER AND LONGER LASTING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND ALL OF THIS CONTINUES TODAY THOSE OF US INVOLVED IN SEPARATION PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERA TION PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS ONGOING ENTERPRISE IT IS SAID THAT SOCIETY S NEED FOR CHEMICAL SEPARATION DERIVES FROM THE SIMPLE FACT THAT A MIXTURE CONTAINING A VALUABLE SUBSTANCE IS NOT NECESSARILY A VALUABLE MIXTURE ANONYMOUS QUOTATION IN OTHER WORDS THE VALUE IS NOT DERIVED UNTIL THE DESIRED SUB STANCE IS SEPARATED AND PURIFIED TO THE EXTENT NEEDED FOR ITS INTENDED USE GAINING THE VALUE REQUIRES APPLICATION OF COST EFFECTIVE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION METHODS THE DE SCRIPTOR COST EFFECTIVE IS EMPHASIZED HERE BECAUSE THE COST OF DOING THE SEPARATING IS JUST AS IMPORTANT A CONSIDERATION AS THE TECHNICAL CAPABILITY THAT IS THE COST OF SEPARAT ING AND PURIFYING A PRODUCT AND INDEED THE TOTAL COSTS INVOLVED IN PRODUCING IT INCLUD ING SEPARATION CANNOT EXCEED SOME MEASURE OF AFFORDABILITY WITH RESPECT TO THE VALUE OF THE FINAL PRODUCT TOTAL COST INCLUDES ALL COSTS INCURRED IN MANUFACTURING MARKETING SELLING USING AND RECYCLING THE PRODUCT OR PROPERLY DISPOSING OF IT IN THIS BOOK WE FOCUS ON TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES AND THE DESIGN PROCESS BUT KEEP IN MIND THAT AFFORDABIL ITY IS NECESSARY IF A DESIGN IS TO BE COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL AND HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY IF IT COSTS TOO MUCH IT SIMPLY WON T BE USED THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE LEAST EXPENSIVE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY IN TERMS OF THE LOWEST INITIAL MONETARY COST WILL BE THE BEST OR MOST AFFORDABLE CHOICE IN THE LONG RUN MANY OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ALSO MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN ASSESSING TOTAL COST INCLUDING THE SAFETY AND ENVIRON MENTAL IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY THE CHALLENGE WE FACE AS SEPARATION ENGINEERS IS FINDING AN APPROACH TO SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION THAT CAN MANAGE ALL OF THESE REQUIREMENTS INDEED THE CHEMICAL AND BIOPROCESSING INDUSTRIES AND THE PROFESSION AS A WHOLE HAVE DEVELOPED NUMEROUS PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS THESE REQUIREMENTS FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS DE VELOPMENT IN GENERAL RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS INCLUDE DISCUSSIONS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND CURRENT CHALLENGES 1 8 ECONOMIC AND QUALITY CONSIDERA TIONS 9 12 SAFETY INFORMATION AND BEST PRACTICES 13 22 AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 3