PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL: ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
CONTENTS CHANGES OF STATE MOTIVATION HOW DOES THERMODYNAMICS DESCRIBE THE OXYHYDROGEN REACTION? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE THE STATE OF A SYSTEM? HOW MANY VARIABLES DO WE NEED TO COMPLETELY SPECIFY A SYSTEM? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A PROCESS WITH THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES? HOW DOES ENERGY CHANGE DURING A PROCESS? HOW DOES CHAOS (ENTROPY) CHANGE DURING A PROCESS? HOW DOES INSTABILITY CHANGE DURING A PROCESS? WHAT IS THE SIGN OF THE PROCESS VARIABLES HEAT AND WORK? HOW DO WE MEASURE HEAT? HOW DO WE MEASURE WORK? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A PROCESS THERMODYNAMICALLY? SUMMARY TEST QUESTIONS EXERCISES GASES WHERE DO WE FIND “IDEAL” AND “REAL” GASES IN THE PHASE DIAGRAM? HOW DO GASES REACT ON CHANGE OF VOLUME? HOW DO GASES REACT ON CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE? HOW DO GASES REACT ON CHANGE OF AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE THE STATE OF AN IDEAL GAS? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A MIXTURE OF GASES? WHAT ENERGY DO GAS PARTICLES HAVE? HOW FAST DO GAS PARTICLES MOVE? HOW OFTEN DO GAS PARTICLES COLLIDE? WHAT DISTANCE DO GAS PARTICLES TRAVEL BETWEEN TWO COLLISIONS? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOR? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED ABOVE ITS CRITICAL TEMPERATURE? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED BELOW ITS CRITICAL TEMPERATURE? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN APPROACHING THE CRITICAL POINT? THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM WHERE DOES EQUILIBRIUM LIE AND HOW FAR AWAY ARE WE FROM HERE? HOW FAST DOES A SYSTEM GO INTO EQUILIBRIUM BY CONDUCTION? HOW FAST DOES HEAT FLOW BY CONDUCTION? HOW DOES THE TEMPERATURE PRO?LE CHANGE? HOW WELL DOES A (QUIESCENT) GAS CONDUCT HEAT? HOW FAST DOES DIFFUSION PROCEED? HOW DOES THE CONCENTRATION PRO?LE CHANGE? HOW FAST DO GASES DIFFUSE? HOW DO ENERGY AND ENTROPY CHANGE DURING HEAT TRANSPORT? WHAT IS INTERNAL ENERGY AND WHAT DOES THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS STATE? WHAT IS ENTROPY AND WHAT DOES THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS STATE? HOW MUCH HEAT CAN WE CONVERT INTO WORK? HOW DO WE CALCULATE THE EF?CIENCY OF A CARNOT ENGINE USING THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS? AF?NITY HOW MUCH INTERNAL ENERGY IS IN A SYSTEM? HOW CAN WE MEASURE INTERNAL ENERGY? HOW DO WE TURN ISOBARIC HEAT INTO A STATE VARIABLE? WHAT IS ENTHALPY? (FACTSHEET: TABLE 4 1) WHEN DOES ENTHALPY CHANGE? DOES ENTHALPY CHANGE DEPEND ON THE PATH? HOW MUCH ENTHALPY IS PRESENT IN A MOLECULE OR IN A CHEMICAL BOND? HOW DOES ENTHALPY CHANGE DURING A REACTION? WHAT IS ENTROPY? (FACTSHEET: TABLE 4 2) HOW CAN WE MEASURE ENTROPY? WHEN DOES ENTROPY CHANGE? HOW DOES ENTROPY CHANGE IN A REACTION? HOW DO WE OBTAIN FREE ENTHALPY AS A MEASURE OF AF?NITY USING THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS? WHEN DOES THE FREE ENTHALPY CHANGE? HOW DOES FREE ENTHALPY CHANGE DURING A REACTION? HOW DO WE CLASSIFY A PROCESS THERMODYNAMICALLY? CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM HOW DO WE QUANTIFY THE LOCATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM? HOW DO WE CLASSIFY A PROCESS WITH THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS? IS ENERGY WITH US? IS ENTROPY WITH US? HOW DO WE CALCULATE THE STANDARD IMPETUS (STANDARD AF?NITY)? IS FREE ENTHALPY WITH US? HOW DO WE FORMULATE THE THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT? HOW DO WE CALCULATE THE THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT? HOW DO WE CLASSIFY A PROCESS IN AN ENTROPY/ENTHALPY DIAGRAM? HOW DOES TEMPERATURE CHANGE STANDARD IMPETUS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT? HOW CAN WE CHANGE THE POSITION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM? HOW CAN WE PROVOKE ENDERGONIC REACTIONS? VAPOR PRESSURE WHAT IS VAPOR PRESSURE? WHEN ARE TWO PHASES IN EQUILIBRIUM? WHAT FACTORS DO AFFECT VAPOR PRESSURE? WHAT DOES THE VAPOR PRESSURE DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE LOOK LIKE? HOW CAN WE DESCRIBE THE VAPOR PRESSURE CURVE MATHEMATICALLY? HOW CAN WE EVALUATE THE VAPOR PRESSURE CURVE? DO SOLIDS SHOW VAPOR PRESSURE? HOW CAN WE DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF A MIXTURE? HOW IS THE SOLVENT DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN THE LIQUID AND GAS PHASES? HOW IS THE SOLUTE DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN THE LIQUID AND GAS PHASES? HOW DOES A SOLUTE PARTITION BETWEEN TWO LIQUID PHASES? SOLUTIONS HOW CAN WE SPECIFY THE COMPOSITION OF A MIXTURE? HOW CAN WE SPECIFY THE COMPOSITION OF AN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION? HOW WELL DO TWO COMPONENTS A AND B GET ALONG? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A MIXING PROCESS THERMODYNAMICALLY? AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES A SOLUTION BOIL? AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES A SOLUTION FREEZE? WHY DOES THE SOLVENT MIGRATE INTO THE MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION? WHERE DO WE ENCOUNTER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY? PHASE DIAGRAMS HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM? WHAT DOES THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM (2CS) LOOK LIKE? WHERE DO WE FIND A 2D BOILING POINT DIAGRAM IN THE 3D PHASE DIAGRAM? AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES A LIQUID MIXTURE START TO BOIL? AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES A GASEOUS MIXTURE START TO CONDENSE? WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF THE GAS PHASE ABOVE A BOILING MIXTURE? WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF THE LIQUID PHASE CONDENSING FROM A GAS PHASE? HETEROGENEOUS REGIONS IN PHASE DIAGRAMS: WHICH PHASES ARE PRESENT AND IN WHAT QUANTITIES? HOW DO WE READ THE BOILING POINT DIAGRAM OF A NON-IDEAL MIXTURE? HOW DO WE READ THE MELTING POINT DIAGRAM OF A SOLID SOLUTION SYSTEM? WHAT DOES THE MELTING POINT DIAGRAM LOOK LIKE WHEN THE SOLID PHASE HAS A MISCIBILITY GAP? WHAT IS INCONGRUENT MELTING? HOW DO WE REPRESENT THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS GRAPHICALLY? HOW DO BINODALS AND TIE LINES RUN IN GIBBS PHASE TRIANGLE? REACTION KINETICS DOES A PROCESS HAVE AN IMPETUS? (FACTSHEET: FIG 9 2) HOW FAST DOES A REACTION PROCEED? WHICH FACTORS AFFECT REACTION RATE? HOW CAN WE VISUALIZE A REACTION ON A MECHANICAL MODEL? WHAT DOES THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVE LOOK LIKE FOR A ZEROTH-ORDER REACTION? WHAT DOES THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVE LOOK LIKE FOR A FIRST-ORDER REACTION? WHAT DOES THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVE LOOK LIKE FOR A SECOND-ORDER REACTION? HOW DOES THE POTENTIAL ENERGY CHANGE ON THE WAY FROM THE REACTANT MOLECULE TO THE PRODUCT MOLECULE? HOW DOES TEMPERATURE AFFECT THE RATE OF A REACTION? HOW DO WE CALCULATE THE KINETIC PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO ARRHENIUS? HOW DOES THE STABILITY OF THE TRANSITION STATE AFFECT REACTION RATE? REACTION MECHANISM WHAT ARE THE KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIMPLE REACTION A ? B? WHAT ELEMENTARY REACTIONS DOES A REACTION CONSIST OF? WHAT MECHANISMS CAN WE COMBINE USING TWO ELEMENTARY REACTIONS? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE THE MECHANISM OF A REVERSIBLE REACTION? HOW CAN WE REPRESENT A REVERSIBLE REACTION IN A MODEL? WHAT DO THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVES LOOK LIKE IN A REVERSIBLE REACTION? WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS IN A REVERSIBLE REACTION? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE THE MECHANISM OF A CONSECUTIVE REACTION? HOW CAN WE REPRESENT A CONSECUTIVE REACTION IN A MODEL? WHAT DO THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVES LOOK LIKE IN A CONSECUTIVE REACTION? IS THE INTERMEDIATE STABLE OR REACTIVE? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE THE MECHANISM OF A PARALLEL REACTION? HOW CAN WE REPRESENT A PARALLEL REACTION IN A MODEL? WHAT DO THE CONCENTRATION–TIME CURVES LOOK LIKE FOR A PARALLEL REACTION? DOES THE KINETIC OR THE THERMODYNAMIC PRODUCT DOMINATE? CONDUCTIVITY HOW DOES CHARGE TRANSPORT WORK IN AN ELECTRONIC CONDUCTOR? HOW DOES CHARGE TRANSPORT WORK IN AN IONIC CONDUCTOR? WHAT DOES THE STRUCTURE OF AN ELECTROLYTE LOOK LIKE? WHAT IS THE EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION (ACTIVITY) OF AN ELECTROLYTE? HOW DO WE MEASURE THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AN ELECTROLYTE? HOW DO WE OBTAIN THE MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AN ELECTROLYTE FROM THE SPECI?C CONDUCTIVITY? HOW DOES THE MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AN ELECTROLYTE CHANGE WHEN DILUTED? HOW CAN WE CALCULATE THE LIMITING CONDUCTIVITY OF AN ELECTROLYTE? WHAT IS THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CATION OR ANION TO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY? HOW FAST DOES AN ION MOVE IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD? ELECTRODES WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED INTO THE ELECTROLYTE? WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS FROM THE ELECTROLYTE? HOW MUCH CONVERSION TAKES PLACE AT THE ELECTRODES? HOW LARGE IS THE POTENTIAL JUMP AT THE METAL/ELECTROLYTE PHASE BOUNDARY? HOW DOES REDOX POTENTIAL DEPEND ON CONCENTRATION? HOW DO WE USE THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A FIRST TYPE ELECTRODE (METAL/METAL SALT)? HOW DO WE DESCRIBE A GAS ELECTRODE? HOW DO WE DETERMINE SIGN AND MAGNITUDE OF THE OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (“EMF”)? HOW IS A SPONTANEOUS REDOX REACTION DIFFERENT FROM A GALVANIC CELL? HOW LARGE IS THE POTENTIAL JUMP AT A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE?