GASOLINE USAGE

By J. GAKAN

CONTENTS CHAPTER ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GREEN GASOLINE INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF GREEN GASOLINE ORIGIN OF GREEN GASOLINE GREEN GASOLINE PROCESSES PHYSICAL PRETREATMENT METHODS PROCESSES FOR GREEN GASOLINE TECHNOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GREEN GASOLINE COMMERCIALIZATION ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN GASOLINE CURRENT STATUS OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION VALUE-ADDED CHEMICALS: OPPORTUNITIES AND MARKET STATUS OF BIOFUELS CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE CONCLUSION ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CHAPTER FEEDSTOCKS FOR GREEN GASOLINE DESIRABLE FEEDSTOCKS TYPES OF FEEDSTOCK FIRST-GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS SECOND-GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS ALGAE AS A THIRD-GENERATION FEEDSTOCK CURRENT LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS LOGISTICS AND CHALLENGES TYPES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAINS FOREST BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAIN AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAIN GRASS BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAIN CATEGORIZING LOGISTICS OPERATIONS HARVESTING AND COLLECTION STORAGE TRANSPORTATION PREPROCESSING OF BIOMASS FACTORS A?ECTING LOGISTICS OPERATIONS CLIMATIC GEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF LOGISTICS MODELS SHAM – STRAW HANDLING MODEL LINEAR PROGRAMMING (LP) MODEL MIXED INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING (MILP) MODEL INTEGRATED BIOMASS SUPPLY ANALYSIS AND LOGISTICS (IBSAL) MODEL INTEGRATED BIOMASS SUPPLY ANALYSIS AND LOGISTICS-MULTI-CROP (IBSAL-MC) MODEL CHALLENGES OF BIOMASS LOGISTICS STUDIES BIOMASS AVAILABILITY AND COST BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING BIOMASS QUALITY BIOMASS STORAGE SYSTEMS BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING SCALE-UP CHALLENGES BIOMASS PRETREATMENT BIOMASS SACCHARIFICATION CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PROCESSING CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION MADE FROM OIL FEEDSTOCKS CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION MADE THROUGH A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ROUTE CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION MADE FROM BIOMASS SYNGAS CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION MADE FROM CELLULOSIC BIOMASS CATALYSTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION MADE BY A REFINERY INTEGRATION PROCESS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN GASOLINE BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GREEN GASOLINE CONVERSION TECHNIQUES FOR GREEN GASOLINE THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES CHEMICAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES BIOMASS-DERIVED CHEMICAL-BASED CONVERSION TECHNIQUES RECENT ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES IN BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION CHALLENGES AND THEIR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION RECENT ADVANCES FOR ENHANCEMENT OF BIOBUTANOL YIELD GENETIC AND PATHWAY MODIFICATIONS TO IMPROVE SOLVENT TOLERANCE AND REDUCE SPORULATION METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF FERMENTATIVE ORGANISMS DEVELOPMENT OF E?CIENT MICROBIAL CONSORTIA FOR ENHANCING BIOMASS FERMENTATION ADVANCED FERMENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION DI?ERENT TYPES OF FERMENTATION FOR BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO GREEN GASOLINE: FEEDSTOCKS, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND COMMERCIAL SCOPE POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FOR GREEN GASOLINE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF GREEN GASOLINE FEEDSTOCKS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION WOOD CHIPS BAGASSE VEGETABLE OILS BLEND OF BIO-OIL AND VACUUM GAS OIL (VGO) BIOMASS-TO-GREEN GASOLINE CONVERSION TECHNIQUES GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS AQUEOUS-PHASE PROCESSING HYDROPROCESSING CO-PROCESSING CHALLENGES AND COMMERCIAL SCOPE SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOMASS-TO-GREEN GASOLINE CONVERSION FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS GREEN GASOLINE: INTEGRATED PRODUCTION PROCESSES, FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND TECHNOECONOMIC FEASIBILITY GREEN GASOLINE FEEDSTOCKS CONVENTIONAL THERMOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES LIQUEFICATION BIO-OIL UPGRADING INTEGRATED PATHWAYS FOR PRODUCTION OF GREEN GASOLINE BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION ROUTE PLATFORM CHEMICAL-BASED CONVERSION PROCESSES [2,5-DIMETHYLFURAN (DMF)] COUPLED CONVERSION PATHWAYS TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CHARACTERIZATION OF GREEN GASOLINE: EXISTING STANDARDS GREEN GASOLINE GREEN GASOLINE VERSUS NORMAL GASOLINE CATALYTIC PROCESSING OF GREEN GASOLINE CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN GASOLINE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR GASOLINE ASTM D4814: STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE FUEL GASOLINE EN 228: EUROPEAN STANDARD EXISTING STANDARD METHODS FOR CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE TESTING ACIDITY (TOTAL ACID NUMBER) AROMATICS, OLEFINS, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) ASH CARBON RESIDUE CETANE NUMBER CLOUD POINT COLOUR COPPER STRIP CORROSION DENSITY ALCOHOLS FAME CONTENT FLASH POINT HYDROGEN CONTENT NAPHTHALENES RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON) OXIDATION STABILITY PHOSPHORUS CONTENT PARTICULATES SILICON CONTENT TOTAL SULFUR TRACE METALS VAPOUR PRESSURE VISCOSITY WATER CONTENT TESTING FOR GREEN GASOLINE ASTM D1319: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR HYDROCARBON TYPE IN LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY FLUORESCENT INDICATOR ADSORPTION ASTM D3606: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BENZENE AND TOLUENE IN SPARK IGNITION FUELS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ASTM D5769: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE AND TOTAL AROMATICS IN FINISHED GASOLINES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY ASTM D86: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND LIQUID FUELS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ASTM D5599: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF OXYGENATES IN GASOLINE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND OXYGEN SELECTIVE FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION ASTM D2622: STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR SULFUR IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY WAVELENGTH DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY INSTRUMENTATION FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION FLASH POINT TESTER DISTILLATION ANALYSERS VAPOUR PRESSURE ANALYSERS OCTANE NUMBER ANALYSERS DENSITY METERS VISCOMETERS KARL FISCHER TITRATION CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION BIOFUELS: GREEN GASOLINE, BIOETHANOL, BIODIESEL AND GREEN DIESEL – A COMPARISON TOP VALUE-ADDED TRANSPORTATION FUELS BIOFUELS BIODIESEL GREEN DIESEL RENEWABLE GASOLINE DIMETHYL ETHER BIO-CNG BIOBUTANOL CHAPTER 11 EXPEDIENCY OF GREEN GASOLINE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES HISTORY BEHIND GREEN GASOLINE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION THROUGH GASIFICATION GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION THROUGH PYROLYSIS GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION THROUGH CO-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AND VEGETABLE OIL GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION FROM ALGAE AND LIQUID-PHASE PROCESSING GREEN GASOLINE CHALLENGES IN MOVING FROM THE LABORATORY SCALE TO THE INDUSTRIAL SCALE UTILIZATION OF DI?ERENT ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES CHAPTER 12 GREEN ANTI-KNOCK AGENTS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF GASOLINE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF GREEN GASOLINE OCTANE NUMBER VOLATILITY OF GASOLINE OXIDATION STABILITY OF GASOLINE CORROSION PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE DENSITY OF GASOLINE KNOCK IN SPARK-IGNITION (SI) ENGINES CHEMICAL CAUSES OF KNOCKING TYPES OF ANTI-KNOCK AGENTS TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL) ETHANOL METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) ETHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (ETBE) FERROCENE METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYLMANGANESE TRICARBONYL (MMT) IRON PENTACARBONYL AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 13 GREEN GASOLINE: A TECHNOECONOMIC ANALYSIS PRODUCTION METHODOLOGIES STAND-ALONE (GREEN REFINERY APPROACH) BIOMASS GASIFICATION AND CONVERSION TO LIQUID FUELS CONVERSION OF ALGAE INTO GREEN GASOLINE LIQUID-PHASE PROCESSING INTO GREEN GASOLINE TECHNOECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROCESS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GREEN GASOLINE UNITS SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES INVENTORY ANALYSIS EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR GREEN GASOLINE CHAPTER 14 GREEN GASOLINE AS A COMMERCIAL LIQUID FUEL THROUGHOUT ASIA, EUROPE AND THE USA: A TECHNICAL REVIEW CHEMISTRY OF BIOMASS TRIGLYCERIDES FEEDSTOCK SUGAR AND STARCHY FEEDSTOCK LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCK TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FACTORS ECONOMIC VERSUS PHYSICAL PLANNING FACTORS GASOLINE ECONOMY LABORATORY-SCALE ENHANCING PROJECT TOWARDS INDUSTRY MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS THE USA THE EUROPEAN UNION FUTURE DIRECTIONS CHAPTER 15 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GREEN GASOLINE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FEEDSTOCK GREEN GASOLINE CONVERSION ROUTES GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH FERMENTATION BIOMASS TO GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH GASIFICATION BIOMASS TO GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH PYROLYSIS VEGETABLE OIL TO GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH CATALYTIC CRACKING GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH CO-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY ALGAE TO GREEN GASOLINE THROUGH FISCHER– TROPSCH REACTION, DISSOLUTION, PYROLYSIS AND GASIFICATION LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) SYSTEM BOUNDARY FUNCTIONAL UNIT LCA STUDIES ON GREEN GASOLINE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION E?ECT OF FEEDSTOCK E?ECT OF PRETREATMENT E?ECT OF FUNCTIONAL UNIT E?ECT OF CO-PRODUCTS E?ECT OF IMPACT CATEGORIES SPECIALIZED LCA STUDIES SPATIALLY EXPLICIT LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (SELCA) SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (SLCA) HARMONIZED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (HLCA) CHAPTER 16 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF GREEN GASOLINE MODEL BACKGROUND AND FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS MODEL EQUATIONS DATA COLLECTION DEMAND ESTIMATION CAPEX (CAPITAL EXPENDITURE) COSTING OPEX (OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURE) COSTING MASS BALANCE QUANTITY LIMITS EMISSION FACTOR VALUES SITE LOCATIONS AND CONNECTIVITY ECONOMIC ANALYSIS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES