UNITY IN VARIETY FROM THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM: ONENESS IN HABITS, GROWTH & CONSTRUCTION OF PLANTS

By KENNETH LEE

CONTENTS ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY: A FRAMEWORK FOR STUDIES OF GENOME EVOLUTION THE PLANT NUCLEUS AT WAR AND PEACE: GENOME ORGANIZATION IN THE INTERPHASE NUCLEUS THE ORGANIZATION OF GENOMIC DNA IN MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES: A NOVEL VIEW STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PLANT NUCLEUS: NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, PORE COMPLEXES AND NUCLEOSKELETON THE PLANT NUCLEOLUS CELL CYCLE MODULES IN PLANTS FOR ENTRY INTO PROLIFERATION AND FOR MITOSIS ENDOPOLYPLOIDY IN PLANTS MEIOSIS: RECOMBINATION AND THE CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION MECHANISMS OF CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF B CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION HOLOCENTRIC CHROMOSOMES KARYOTYPE DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN ANGIOSPERMS KARYOTYPE VARIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GYMNOSPERMS KARYOTYPE AND GENOME EVOLUTION IN PTERIDOPHYTES THE INCIDENCE OF POLYPLOIDY IN NATURAL PLANT POPULATIONS: MAJOR PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES SIGNI?CANCE AND BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF POLYPLOIDIZATION IN LAND PLANT EVOLUTION EVOLUTIONARY IMPORTANCE OF GENERATIVE POLYPLOIDY FOR GENOME EVOLUTION OF HAPLOID-DOMINANT LAND PLANTS GENOME SIZE DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION IN LAND PLANTS GENOME SIZE AND THE PHENOTYPE INTRODUCTION METHODS OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS: A PRIMER THE PHYLOGENY OF EMBRYOPHYTES: AN ABBREVIATED OVERVIEW THE PHYLOGENY OF ANGIOSPERMS: AN OVERVIEW MAJOR CLADES REPEATED RADIATIONS UNRESOLVED RELATIONSHIPS “BIG TREES” STUDIES OF GENOME EVOLUTION IN ANGIOSPERMS FUTURE PROSPECTS NEW SCOPE, NEW TOOLS IMPROVED ACCESS TO DATA, TREES, AND TOOLS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION THE ANGIOSPERMS—OR ?OWERING PLANTS—COMPRISE AN ESTIMATED 260,000 (TAKHTAJAN 1997)–400,000 (RAVEN IN JARVIS 2007) EXTANT SPECIES AND OCCUPY NEARLY ALL HABITATS ON EARTH EXCEPT THE COLDEST ARCTIC AND POLAR REGIONS AND THE DEEPEST OCEANS THEIR DIVERSI?CATION HAS OCCURRED OVER A RELATIVELY SHORT TIMESPAN, WITH THE FOSSIL RECORD PLACING THE EARLIEST ANGIOSPERMS IN THE EARLY CRETACEOUS, APPROXIMATELY 132 MILLION YEARS AGO MOLECULAR CLOCK ESTIMATES SUGGEST THAT THE ANGIOSPERMS ARE PERHAPS OLDER, DATING TO THE JURASSIC (E G , SANDERSON ET AL 2004; BELL ET AL 2005; BELL ET AL 2010) OR EVEN THE TRIASSIC (MAGALLON 2010; SMITH ET AL 2010) OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYLOGENY OF ANGIOSPERMS HAS IMPROVED DRAMATICALLY IN RECENT YEARS THROUGH LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATIVE ANALYSES (E G , CHASE ET AL 1993; SOLTIS ET AL 1999; SOLTIS ET AL 2000; HILU ET AL 2003; SOLTIS ET AL 2011) AND THE APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR DATA, FROM SINGLE GENES TO ENTIRE PLASTID GENOMES (E G , JANSEN ET AL 2007; MOORE ET AL 2007; MOORE ET AL 2010) LIKEWISE, MANY CLADE-SPECI?C ANALYSES HAVE CLARI?ED RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN SOME OF THE LARGEST GROUPS OF ANGIOSPERMS: E G , MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (MONOCOTS SENSU CANTINO ET AL 2007; SUBSEQUENT ITALICIZED NAMES REFER TO PHYLOGENETICALLY DE?NED CLADES IN CANTINO ET AL 2007), CHASE ET AL (2006); CARYOPHYLLALES, BROCKINGTON ET AL (2009); EUDICOTYLEDONEAE (EUDICOTS), MOORE ET AL (2010); CAMPANULIDEAE (CAMPANULIDS), TANK AND DONOGHUE (2010) IN LESS THAN 20 YEARS TIME, OUR VIEW OF ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED FROM A NEBULOUS SERIES OF POSSIBLE TRANSITIONS TO A WELL-SUPPORTED AND WELL-RESOLVED TREE OF EXPLICIT SISTER-GROUP RELATIONSHIPS (SUMMARIZED IN FIG 1 1) THE STABILITY OF THIS TREE IS RE?ECTED IN THE MODEST CHANGES TO THE CLASSI?CATION OF THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (APG) OVER THE PAST DECADE (1998, 2003, 2009; SUMMARIZED BY STEVENS 2001 ONWARD) AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHYLOGENETIC NOMENCLATURE FOR ANGIOSPERMS (CANTINO ET AL 2007)