ECOLOGY OF THE ASPEN PARKLAND OF WESTERN CANADA

By T. MALAR

CONTENTS PART A INTRODUCTION THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FOREST DIVERSITY: THE STARTING POINT INTRODUCTION APPLYING A NEW ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK THE ROAD FROM WEIDENBERG TO WEIMAR AIMS AND TOPICS REFERENCES AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF TEMPERATE FOREST TREES SUCCESSIONAL STAGE VARIATION IN GAS EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND ASSOCIATED LEAF TRAITS TREE STATURE, CROWNS, AND ROOTS GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION SPECIES SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE OUTLOOK PART B PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH DIVERSITY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN FORESTS: EVIDENCE FROM LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS CONFOUNDING FACTORS IN THE OBSERVED PRODUCTIVITY–DIVERSITY RELATIONSHIP IN FORESTS COVARIANT FACTORS DETERMINING THE FOREST DIVERSITY–PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP THE ECOLOGICAL AND FOREST INVENTORY OF CATALONIA (IEFC) DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS GENETIC DIVERSITY PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH VIABILITY SELECTION, REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY AND GROWTH IN FOREST TREE SPECIES METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS CASE STUDIES OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN FOREST TREES PART C BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES FUNCTIONING OF MIXED-SPECIES STANDS: EVIDENCE FROM A LONG-TERM FOREST EXPERIMENT BACKGROUND OF THE GISBURN EXPERIMENT TREE PERFORMANCE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LINKED WITH MIXTURE EFFECTS THE ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY ON THE EVAPORATION OF FORESTS LEAF SCALE TREE SCALE CANOPY SCALE EFFECTS OF TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY ON LITTER QUALITY AND DECOMPOSITION VARIATION IN LITTER TRAITS AND DECOMPOSITION RATES LITTER DIVERSITY EFFECTS ON DECOMPOSITION THE EFFECT OF BIODIVERSITY ON CARBON STORAGE IN SOILS FORMATION OF SOIL CARBON CONSEQUENCES OF PLANT DIVERSITY ON THE QUALITY OF CARBON INPUT DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON AND NITROGEN AND THEIR STABLE ISOTOPES IN SOIL PROFILES DYNAMIC OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MOLECULAR TURNOVER OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONCLUSION SILVICULTURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH BIODIVERSITY AND THE CARBON BALANCE OF FOREST SOILS OVERVIEW OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS METHODOLOGICAL RESTRICTIONS EFFECTS OF SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SPECIES IDENTITY EFFECTS EFFECTS OF CONVERSIONS OF PRIMARY FORESTS TO MANAGED FORESTS EFFECTS OF SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES PART D ANIMALS, PESTS, AND DISTURBANCES LINKAGES BETWEEN TREE DIVERSITY, SOIL FAUNA AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES PLANT (TREE) DIVERSITY AS DETERMINANT OF THE BELOWGROUND FOOD WEB EFFECTS OF SOIL FAUNA ON ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES FEEDBACKS OF BELOWGROUND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE A TEST OF THE BIODIVERSITY–STABILITY THEORY: META-ANALYSIS OF TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY EFFECTS ON INSECT PEST INFESTATIONS, AND RE-EXAMINATION OF RESPONSIBLE FACTORS COMPARING INSECT PEST DAMAGE IN PURE VS MIXED STANDS OF TREES: A META-ANALYSIS EFFECT OF TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY ON STAND RESISTANCE TO PEST INSECTS: THE MAIN ECOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND PEST DAMAGE AT THE LANDSCAPE LEVEL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF FORESTS DIFFERING IN TREE DIVERSITY TERMS OF THE ISSUE SUSCEPTIBILITY AS A FUNCTION OF TREE DIVERSITY REVERSING THE TERMS IMPLICATION OF FOREST DIVERSITY IN RESISTANCE TO STRONG WINDS SPECIES-SPECIFIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WIND DAMAGE EFFECT OF LOCATION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, AND CANOPY CLOSURE ANALYZING STABILITY IN COMPLEX FOREST STRUCTURES FIRE REGIME AND TREE DIVERSITY IN BOREAL FORESTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CARBON CYCLE METHODS PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY AND FIRE REGIME THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIRE PFTS FOR CARBON CYCLING PART E PERSPECTIVES THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTAL TREE PLANTATIONS FOR FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH INTRODUCTION, OR “WHY DO WE NEED DIVERSITY EXPERIMENTS WITH TREES?” EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES METHODOLOGICAL AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS RESPONSE VARIABLES MAJOR CAVEATS THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FOREST DIVERSITY: A SYNTHESIS A LACK OF FUNCTIONAL BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH IN FORESTS? MECHANISMS OF MIXTURE EFFECTS, OR: ARE THERE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GRASSLANDS AND FORESTS? RESEARCH NEEDS