AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY: CUMULATIVE INDEX
1 1 SPACE LIFE SCIENCES: WHAT IS IT? 1 1 1 OBJECTIVES 1 1 2 THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 1 1 3 JUSTIFICATION FOR HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT 1 1 4 WHERE WE ARE 1 2 HOW WE GOT THERE 1 2 1 MAJOR SPACE LIFE SCIENCES EVENTS 1 2 2 SURVIVING THE ODYSSEY 1 2 3 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1 3 CHALLENGES FACING HUMANS IN SPACE 1 3 1 ASTRONAUTS’ HEALTH MAINTENANCE 1 3 2 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DURING SPACE MISSIONS 1 3 3 HUMAN MARS MISSION 1 3 4 COUNTERMEASURES 1 3 5 ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY 1 3 6 A NEW SCIENCE IS BORN REFERENCES 2 SPACE BIOLOGY 2 1 WHAT IS LIFE? 2 1 1 LIFE ON EARTH 2 1 2 LIFE ON MARS 2 2 GRAVITATIONAL BIOLOGY 2 2 1 QUESTIONS 2 2 2 RESULTS OF SPACE EXPERIMENTS 2 2 3 BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE 2 3 DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY 2 3 1 QUESTIONS 2 3 2 RESULTS OF SPACE EXPERIMENTS 2 4 PLANT BIOLOGY 2 4 1 QUESTIONS 2 4 2 RESULTS OF SPACE EXPERIMENTS 2 5 RADIATION BIOLOGY 2 5 1 IONIZED RADIATION IN SPACE 2 5 2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION 2 6 FACILITIES FOR SPACE BIOLOGY 2 6 1 LABORATORIES ON BOARD THE ISS 2 6 2 BIOPROCESSING 2 6 3 STORAGE AND OPERATIONS 3 THE NEURO-SENSORY SYSTEM IN SPACE 3 1 THE PROBLEM: SPACE MOTION SICKNESS 3 2 VESTIBULAR FUNCTION 3 2 1 THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 3 2 2 THE OTHER SENSES 3 3 POSTURE AND MOVEMENT 3 3 1 REST POSTURE 3 3 2 VESTIBULO-SPINAL REFLEXES 3 3 3 LOCOMOTION 3 3 4 BODY MOVEMENT 3 3 5 EYE MOVEMENT 3 4 SPATIAL ORIENTATION 3 4 1 VISUAL ORIENTATION 3 4 2 COGNITION 3 5 WHAT DO WE KNOW? 3 5 1 SPACE MOTION SICKNESS EXPERIENCE 3 5 2 THEORIES FOR SPACE MOTION SICKNESS 3 5 3 COUNTERMEASURES 4 THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM IN SPACE 4 1 THE PROBLEM: POSTFLIGHT ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE 4 2 CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 4 2 1 BASICS 4 2 2 CONTROL MECHANISMS 4 3 EFFECTS OF SPACEFLIGHT 4 3 1 LAUNCH POSITION 4 3 2 EARLY ON-ORBIT 4 3 3 LATER ON-ORBIT 4 3 4 POSTFLIGHT 4 4 WHAT DO WE KNOW? 4 4 1 ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE 4 4 2 PULMONARY FUNCTION 4 4 3 BED REST 4 5 COUNTERMEASURES 4 5 1 IN-FLIGHT 4 5 2 END OF MISSION 5 THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM IN SPACE 5 1 THE PROBLEM: MUSCLE ATROPHY AND BONE LOSS 5 1 1 MUSCLE ATROPHY 5 1 2 BONE LOSS 5 2 MUSCLE AND BONE PHYSIOLOGY 5 2 1 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 5 2 2 BONE PHYSIOLOGY 5 3 EFFECTS OF SPACEFLIGHT ON MUSCLE 5 3 1 DECREASE IN BODY MASS 5 3 2 DECREASE IN MUSCLE VOLUME AND STRENGTH 5 3 3 CHANGES IN MUSCLE STRUCTURE 5 4 EFFECTS OF SPACEFLIGHT ON BONE 5 4 1 HUMAN STUDIES 5 4 2 ANIMAL STUDIES 5 5 WHAT DO WE KNOW? 5 5 1 MUSCLE ATROPHY 5 5 2 BONE DEMINERALIZATION 5 6 COUNTERMEASURES 5 6 1 MUSCLE 5 6 2 BONE 5 6 3 AGING AND SPACE 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF SPACEFLIGHT 6 1 THE PROBLEM: REACTION TO STRESS 6 1 1 ANALOGS 6 1 2 SPACE SIMULATORS 6 1 3 SPACE MISSIONS 6 1 4 RULES 6 2 INDIVIDUAL SELECTION 6 2 1 SELECT-OUT CRITERIA 6 2 2 SELECT-IN CRITERIA 6 2 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES OF ASTRONAUTS AND COSMONAUTS 6 3 CREW SELECTION 6 3 1 SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUES 6 3 2 SELECTION ISSUES 6 4 CREW BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE 6 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING AND SUPPORT 6 5 1 TRAINING 6 5 2 SUPPORT 7 OPERATIONAL SPACE MEDICINE 7 1 SPACE MEDICINE: WHAT IS IT? 7 1 1 OBJECTIVES 7 1 2 RISK ASSESSMENT 7 2 ASTRONAUT SELECTION AND TRAINING 7 2 1 CREW POSITION 7 2 2 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ASTRONAUT SELECTION 7 2 3 SELECTION PROCESS 7 2 4 ASTRONAUT TRAINING 7 3 PREVENTION: HEALTH HAZARDS IN SPACE 7 3 1 MEDICAL EVENTS DURING SPACEFLIGHT 7 3 2 SLEEP 7 3 3 IMMUNE SYSTEM 7 3 4 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF EXTRA-VEHICULAR ACTIVITY 7 3 5 CONCLUSION ON SPACE HEALTH HAZARDS 7 4 TREATMENT: SPACE MEDICAL FACILITIES 7 4 1 CREW HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 7 4 2 TELEMEDICINE 7 4 3 EMERGENCY AND RESCUE 7 5 CHALLENGES FOR EXPLORATION MISSIONS 8 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 8 1 HUMAN NEEDS FOR SPACE MISSIONS 8 1 1 ENVIRONMENT 8 1 2 SO, HOW LONG WILL WE LIVE? 8 1 3 HUMAN NEEDS 8 2 CONTAMINATION 8 3 MAJOR LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 8 3 1 ATMOSPHERE MANAGEMENT 8 3 2 WATER MANAGEMENT 8 3 3 FOOD MANAGEMENT 8 3 4 HYGIENE 8 3 5 RADIATION SHIELDING 8 4 METHODS FOR LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 8 4 1 OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP 8 4 2 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL (BIOREGENERATIVE) 8 5 CLOSED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM 8 5 1 CELSS FOR EXPLORATORY MISSIONS 8 5 2 TERRAFORMING 9 AN INVESTIGATOR’S GUIDE 9 1 RESOURCES AND CONSTRAINTS 9 1 1 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SPACE LIFE SCIENCES EXPERIMENTS 9 1 2 CONSTRAINTS 9 2 HOW TO “FLY” AN EXPERIMENT 9 2 1 FLIGHT EXPERIMENT SELECTION 9 2 2 EXPERIMENT DESIGN 9 2 3 HARDWARE SELECTION 9 2 4 FEASIBILITY 9 2 5 EXPERIMENT INTEGRATION 9 2 6 CREW SCIENCE TRAINING 9 2 7 IN-FLIGHT SCIENCE OPERATIONS 9 2 8 DATA ANALYSIS 9 3 BENEFITS TO LIFE ON EARTH