A TEXTBOOK OF GENERAL BOTANY
THE MECHANISMS OF CELL DIVISION AND OTHER PROCESSES IN FACT THE CELL WALL CAN BE SAID TO BE THE RST COMPONENT OF THE CELL TO HAVE BEEN OBSERVED WHEN HOOKE LOOKED AT CORK CELLS THE NINETEENTH CENTURY CAN BE SAID TO BE THE CENTURY OF CELL BIOLOGY DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS MITOCHONDRIA PROTOPLASM GOLGI ETC AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF CELL THEORY ALL OCCURRED IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY STUDYING THE LEAVES OF ORCHIDS ROBERT BROWN DISCOVERED THE NUCLEUS WHICH HE DE NED THUS IN EACH CELL OF THE EPIDERMIS OF A GREAT PART OF THIS FAMILY ESPECIALLY OF THOSE WITH MEMBRANACEOUS LEAVES A SINGULAR CIRCULAR AREOLA GENERALLY SOMEWHAT MORE OPAKE THAN THE MEM BRANE OF CELL IS OBSERVABLE THIS AREOLA NUCLEUS WHICH IS MORE OR LESS DISTINCTLY GRANULAR IS SLIGHTLY CONVEX AND ALTHOUGH IT SEEMS TO BE ON THE SURFACE IS IN REALITY COVERED BY THE OUTER LAMINA OF THE CELL BROWN 1833 KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGY OF THE NUCLEUS PAVED THE WAY FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF GENETICS AND THEREBY HELPED IN APPLIED SCIENCES SUCH AS CROP BREEDING THE DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS WAS FOLLOWED BY THE FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY BY MATTHIAS JACOB SCHLEIDEN AND THEODOR SCHWANN SCHWANN 1847 BAKER 1948 1949 HARRIS 2000 BALUS KA ET AL 2012 LOMBARD 2014 CVRC KOVA 2018 SEKERES AND Z A RSKY HUGO VON MOHL 1852 GAVE THE TERM PROTOPLASMA AND DESCRIBED THE MOVE MENT OF CELL SAP BAKER 1949 PROTOPLASMA AS DE NED BY VON MOHL IS OPAKE VISCID UID OF A WHITE COLOUR HAVING GRANULES INTERMINGLED IT THE GRANULES HE REFERS TO ARE ORGANELLES SUCH AS PLASTIDS MITOCHONDRIA AND GOLGI BENDA GOLGI 1898 MAZZARELLO ET AL 2009 PAGLIARINI AND RUTTER 2013 IT TOOK MORE THAN 300 YEARS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS HOOKE 1665 TO ACCEPT THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC NATURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS SAGAN 1967 BALUS KA AND LYONS 2018 IN CELL BIOLOGY ORGANELLES OR STRUCTURES WERE OFTEN REPORTED WELL BEFORE THEY WERE STUDIED IN DETAIL BOHUMIL NE MEC DISCOVERED THICK LAMENTS RUNNING LONGITUDINALLY ACROSS THE CELL CELL BORDERS IN ROOT APICES NE MEC 1901 WHICH WERE LATER SHOWN TO BE BUNDLES OF F ACTIN BALUS KA ET AL 1997 BALUS KA AND HLAVAC KA 2005 EXTENDING THROUGH PLASMODESMATA S AMAJ ET AL 2006 VAN BEL 2018 THE DISCOVERY OF CHLOROPLASTS WAS SIMILAR ON A GENERAL NOTE PLASTIDS WERE KNOWN TO THE ANCIENT INDIANS RAGHAVENDRA ET AL 2003 THE CELL PLATE IN DIVIDING PLANT CELLS WAS OBSERVED BY WILHELM HOFMEISTER AS EARLY AS 1867 WHEN EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION WAS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD HOFMEISTER 1867 MARTIN ANTHONY LEEUWENHOEK RST DISCOVERED THE MARVELS OF THE LIVING WORLD WHICH BEFORE HIM WERE INVISIBLE FORD 1995 DUNN AND JONES 2004 ZWICK AND SCHMIDT 2014 LANE 2015 WOLLMAN ET AL 2015 ZUIDERVAART AND ANDERSON 2016 ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERIOR LENSES BY ABBE AND SCHOTT IN GERMANY TOOK OBSERVATIONS TO A HIGHER LEVEL OF MAGNI CATION SCHLIWA 2002 DUNN AND JONES 2004 BLANCA OR AND GILROY 2000 GRIF THS ET AL 2016 THE IMPORTANCE OF MICROS COPY FOR PHYSIOLOGY WAS SUGGESTED BY JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJE IN THE RST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY NICK 2012 Z A RSKY 2012 WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY FROM THE RST OBSERVATIONS OF THE CELL BY HOOKE TO THE DETAILED STUDY OF ORGANELLES POSSIBLE TODAY USING THE CONCEPTS OF CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY SCHLIWA BLANCA OR AND GILROY 2000 GRIF THS ET AL 2016 WITH ADVANCED MICROSCOPY ADVANCES IN DYES AND PROBES HAVE ALSO PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ENABLING DETAILED STUDY OF CELLS AND THEIR COMPONENTS BLANCA OR AND GILROY 2000 ADVANCES IN MICROSCOPY HAVE ENABLED US NOT ONLY TO SEE THE ORGANELLES BUT ALSO TO OBSERVE AND UNDERSTAND THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THEM GRIF THS ET AL IN ADDITION TO ADVANCES IN MICROSCOPY MICROTOMY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY THE ABILITY TO GROW CELLS HAS ALLOWED FAST PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PLANT CELLS HABERLANDT 1902 IS CREDITED TO BE THE RST TO HAVE CULTURED PLANT CELLS IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS VASIL 2008 REVIEWED THE HISTORY OF PLANT CELL CULTURE AND ITS USE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY CELL PARAMETERS SUCH AS SIZE SHAPE AND NUMBER CAN BE STUDIED IN CELL CULTURES AND USED FOR CELLULAR PHENOTYPING OPATRNY ET AL CELL BIOLOGY IS SOMETIMES CONSIDERED TO BE A BASIC SCIENCE WHICH IS NOT TRUE BECAUSE OF THE IMPLICATIONS IT HAS IN APPLIED ELDS SUCH AS MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE NICK AND CHONG 2012 VASIL 2008 THE STUDY OF PLANT CELLS HAS NOT ONLY ENHANCED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PLANTS BUT ALSO MADE IT EASIER TO TAP PLANT RESOURCES FOR PURPOSES SUCH AS CROP BIOTECHNOLOGY NICK 2012 SUGGESTS HOW WE CAN TAKE CELL BIOLOGY TO A NEW LEVEL BY INTEGRATING THE CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE OF NINETEENTH CENTURY CELL BIOLOGISTS BOTANISTS AND MODERN HIGH THROUGHPUT TOOLS ANOTHER IMPORTANT ASPECT IS THAT SCIENTI C CONCEPTS ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR PROPER INTERPRETATION OF OBTAINED DATA AND EVEN MORE IMPORTANT FOR ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS AND CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BY GUIDING SO CALLED NORMAL SCIENCE SCIENTI C CONCEPTS SHAPE EMERGING AND MATURING PARADIGMS UNTIL NEW CONCEPTS LEAD TO REVOLUTIONARY OVERTHROW OF THE OLD PARADIGM AND RAISE NEW EMERGING PARADIGMS KUHN 1962 GUERRA ET AL KAISER 2012 CASADEVALL AND FANG 2016 FOR EXAMPLE THE CONCEPT OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION OF LIFE WAS PROPOSED BY ARISTOTLE AND DOMINATED OUR THINKING ABOUT LIFE UNTIL LOUIS PASTEUR DISPROVED THIS THEORY PASTEUR 1864 BERCHE 2012 RECENTLY THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL PARADIGM SHIFTS IN GENETICS PORTIN 2015 PLANT SCIENCES AND NEUROSCIENCES BALUS KA AND MANCUSO 2009A B TREWAVAS AND BALUS KA TREWAVAS 2016 CALVO ET AL 2017 EVOLUTIONARY THEORY SHAPIRO 2011 BALUS KA 2011 AND IN THE BASIC PILLAR OF CELL BIOLOGY CELL THEORY BALUS KA ET AL 2004A B BALUS KA AND LYONS 2018 FIRST ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS ROLES IN BIOLOGY TREWAVAS AND BALUS KA 2011 BAARS AND EDELMAN PEROUANSKY 2012 GRE MIAUX ET AL 2014 RINALDI 2014 BALUS KA ET AL 2016 TORDAY AND MILLER 2016 TORDAY 2017 CRADDOCK ET AL 2017 AND PHYSICS BAARS AND EDELMAN 2012 TURIN ET AL 2014 CRADDOCK ET AL 2017 INDICATE THAT A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IS IMMINENT MANY CRUCIAL DISCOVERIES IN CELL BIOLOGY WERE ACCOM PLISHED THROUGH STUDY OF PLANTS INCLUDING DISCOVERIES OF THE CELL NUCLEUS THE SYMBIOTIC ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES MICROTUBULES CELL CELL CHANNELS CHROMOSOMES MITOSIS AND THE CELL CYCLE BALUS KA ET AL 2012 LOMBARD CVRC KOVA 2018 SEKERES AND Z A RSKY 2018 AS HIGHER PLANTS ARE PROVING TO BE BEHAVIORALLY ACTIVE AND COGNITIVE ORGANISMS BALUS KA AND MANCUSO 2009A B SAHI ET AL 2012 GRE MIAUX ET AL 2014 TREWAVAS AND BALUS KA 2011 TREWAVAS CALVO ET AL 2017 AND THEIR ACTIVE BEHAVIOR TO BE SENSITIVE TO ANESTHETICS GRE MIAUX ET AL 2014 BALUS KA ET AL 2016 YOKAWA ET AL 2017 IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PLANTS WILL ALSO PROVE TO BE CRUCIAL FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ELUSIVE NATURE BAARS BJ EDELMAN DB 2012 CONSCIOUSNESS BIOLOGY AND QUANTUM HYPOTHESES PHYS LIFE REV BAKER JR 1948 THE CELL THEORY A RESTATEMENT HISTORY AND CRITIQUE PART I Q J MICROSC SCI BAKER JR 1949 THE CELL THEORY A RESTATEMENT HISTORY AND CRITIQUE Q J MICROSC SCI 90 87 BALUS KA F 2011 EVOLUTION IN REVOLUTION A PARADIGM SHIFT IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFE AND BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION COMMUN INTEGR BIOL 4 521 BALUS KA F HLAVAC KA A 2005 PLANT FORMINS COME OF AGE SOMETHING SPECIAL ABOUT CROSS WALLS BALUS KA F LYONS S 2018 SYMBIOTIC ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC NUCLEUS FROM CELL BODY TO NEO ENERGIDE IN BALUS KA F SAHI VP EDS CONCEPTS IN CELL BIOLOGY HISTORY AND EVOLUTION PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS SPRINGER HEIDELBERG BALUS KA F MANCUSO S 2009A PLANT NEUROBIOLOGY FROM STIMULUS PERCEPTION TO ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF PLANTS VIA INTEGRATED CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL SIGNALING PLANT SIGNAL BEHAV 4 475 BALUS KA F MANCUSO S 2009B DEEP EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF NEUROBIOLOGY TURNING THE ESSENCE OF NEURAL UPSIDE DOWN COMMUN INTEGR BIOL 2 60 BALUS KA F VITHA S BARLOW PW VOLKMANN D 1997 REARRANGEMENTS OF F ACTIN ARRAYS IN GROWING CELLS OF INTACT MAIZE ROOT APEX TISSUES A MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL SWITCH OCCURS IN THE POSTMITOTIC TRANSITION REGION EUR J CELL BIOL 72 113 BALUS KA F VOLKMANN D BARLOW PW 2004A EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND THEIR CELL BODIES CELL THEORY REVISED ANN BOT 94 9 BALUS KA F VOLKMANN D BARLOW PW 2004B CELL BODIES IN A CAGE NATURE 428 BALUS KA F VOLKMANN D MENZEL D BARLOW PW 2012 STRASBURGER S LEGACY TO MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR THE CELL THEORY PROTOPLASMA 249 1151 BALUS KA F YOKAWA K MANCUSO S BAVERSTOCK K 2016 UNDERSTANDING OF ANESTHESIA WHY CONSCIOUSNESS IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE AND NOT BASED ON GENES COMMUN INTEGR BIOL 9 E1238118 BENDA C 1898 U BER DIE SPERMATOGENESE DER VERTEBRATEN UND H OHERER EVERTEBRATEN II DIE HISTIOGENESE DER SPERMIEN ARCH ANAT PHYSIOL 73 393 BERCHE P 2012 LOUIS PASTEUR FROM CRYSTALS OF LIFE TO VACCINATION CLIN MICROBIOL INFECT 18 1 BLANCA OR EB GILROY S 2000 PLANT CELL BIOLOGY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM NEW TOOLS AND NEW INSIGHTS AM J BOT 87 1547 BROWN R 1833 ON THE ORGANS AND MODE OF FECUNDATION IN ORCHIDEAE AND ASCLEPIADEAE TRANS LINN SOC LOND 16 685 CALVO P SAHI V TREWAVAS A 2017 ARE PLANTS SENTIENT PLANT CELL ENVIRON 40 11 2858 HTTPS DOI ORG 10 1111 PCE CASADEVALL A FANG FC 2016 REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE MBIO 7 E00158 CRADDOCK TJA KURIAN P PRETO J SAHU K HAMEROFF SR KLOBUKOWSKI M TUSZYNSKI JA ANESTHETIC ALTERATIONS OF COLLECTIVE TERAHERTZ OSCILLATIONS IN TUBULIN CORRELATE WITH CLINICAL POTENCY IMPLICATIONS FOR ANESTHETIC ACTION AND POST OPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION SCI REP CVRC KOVA F 2018 A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE RESEARCH IN BALUS KA F SAHI VP EDS CONCEPTS IN CELL BIOLOGY HISTORY AND EVOLUTION PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS SPRINGER HEIDELBERG DUNN GA JONES GE 2004 CELL MOTILITY UNDER THE MICROSCOPE VORSPRUNG DURCH TECHNIK NAT REV MOL CELL BIOL 5 667 FORD BJ 1995 FIRST STEPS IN EXPERIMENTAL MICROSCOPY LEEUWENHOEK AS PRACTICAL SCIENTIST MICROSCOPE 43 47 GEST H 2009 HOMAGE TO ROBERT HOOKE 1635 1703 NEW INSIGHTS FROM THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED HOOKE FOLIO PERSPECT BIOL MED 52 392 GOLGI C 1898 SUR LA STRUCTURE DES CELLULES NERVEUSES ARCH ITAL BIOL 30 60 GRE MIAUX A YOKAWA K MANCUSO S BALUS KA F 2014 PLANT ANESTHESIA SUPPORTS SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ANIMALS AND PLANTS CLAUDE BERNARD S FORGOTTEN STUDIES PLANT SIGNAL BEHAV 9 E27886 GREW N 1682 THE ANATOMY OF PLANTS WITH AN IDEA OF A PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS AND SEVERAL OTHER LECTURES READ BEFORE THE ROYAL SOCIETY RAWLINS W LONDON GRIF THS N JAIPARGAS EA WOZNY MR BARTON KA MATHUR N DELFOSSE K MATHUR J 2016 PHOTO CONVERTIBLE UORESCENT PROTEINS AS TOOLS FOR FRESH INSIGHTS ON SUBCELLULAR INTERACTIONS IN PLANTS J GUERRA C CAPITELLI M LONGO S 2012 THE ROLE OF PARADIGMS IN SCIENCE A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IN L ABATE L ED PARADIGMS IN THEORY CONSTRUCTION SPRINGER NEW YORK HTTPS DOI ORG HABERLANDT G 1902 KULTURVERSUCHE MIT ISOLIERTEN P ANZENZELLEN SITZUNGSBER AKAD WISS WIEN MATH NATURWISS 111 69 HARRIS H 2000 THE BIRTH OF THE CELL YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN HOFMEISTER W 1867 DIE LEHRE VON DER P ANZENZELLE IN HOFMEISTER W ED HANDBUCH DER PHYSIOLOGISCHEN BOTANIK I 1 ENGELMANN W LEIPZIG HOOKE R 1665 MICROGRAPHIA OR SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF MINUTE BODIES MADE BY MAGNIFYING GLASSES ROYAL SOCIETY LONDON KAISER D 2012 IN RETROSPECT THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTI C REVOLUTIONS NATURE 484 164 KUHN T 1962 THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTI C REVOLUTIONS UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO LANE N 2015 THE UNSEEN WORLD RE ECTIONS ON LEEUWENHOEK 1677 CONCERNING LITTLE ANIMALS PHILOS TRANS R SOC LOND SER B BIOL SCI 370 LOMBARD J 2014 ONCE UPON A TIME THE CELL MEMBRANES 175 YEARS OF CELL BOUNDARY RESEARCH BIOL DIRECT 9 MALPIGHI M 1679 ANATOME PLANTARUM PARS ALTERA IN LATIN JOHANNIS MARTYN LONDON MARTIN C 2017 WILHELM HOFMEISTER AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF PLANT SCIENCE CURR BIOL 27 R853 R909 MAZZARELLO P 1999 A UNIFYING CONCEPT THE HISTORY OF CELL THEORY NAT CELL BIOL 1 E13 E15 MAZZARELLO P GARBARINO C CALLIGARO A 2009 HOW CAMILLO GOLGI BECAME THE GOLGI FEBS NE MEC B 1901 DIE REIZLEITUNG UND DIE REIZLEITENDEN STRUKTUREN BEI DEN P ANZEN GUSTAV NICK P 2012 EDUARD STRASBURGER DEAD FOR A CENTURY BUT STILL ALIVE PROTOPLASMA 249 857 NICK P CHONG K 2012 WHY THE TAXPAYER PRO TS FROM PLANT CELL BIOLOGY SPECIAL ISSUE APPLIED PLANT CELL BIOLOGY PROTOPLASMA 249 S77 S79 OPATRNY Z NICK P PETRA S EK J 2014 PLANT CELL STRAINS IN FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS IN NICK P OPATRNY Z EDS APPLIED PLANT CELL BIOLOGY PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS VOL HTTPS WWW BOTANIK KIT EDU BOTZELL DOWNLOADS PUB OPATRNY 2014 PDF PAGLIARINI DJ RUTTER F 2013 HALLMARKS OF A NEW ERA IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOCHEMISTRY GENES DEV PASTEUR L 1864 ON SPONTANEOUS GENERATION REV SCI I 1863 64 257 PEROUANSKY M 2012 THE QUEST FOR A UNI ED MODEL OF ANESTHETIC ACTION A CENTURY IN CLAUDE BERNARD S SHADOW ANESTHESIOLOGY 117 465