CHEMICAL RECOGNITION IN BIOLOGY
Part I Electrochemical nanosensors 1 1 Chemical and biological sensing with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 3 11 Introduction 3 12 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 4 13 Functionalization of CNTs 6 14 Biosensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 13 15 Technical and industrial challenge for the integration of CNTs in analytical and bioanalytical devices 18 16 Conclusion and future trends 20 17 References 21 2 Electrochemical nanosensors for blood glucose analysis 28 21 Introduction 28 22 Nanosized materials: enzymatic detection of glucose 29 23 Nanosized materials: direct detection of glucose 39 24 Nanosized sensors 42 25 Conclusion and future trends 46 26 Sources of further information and advice 47 27 References 48 3 Nanoparticle modifi ed electrodes for trace metal ion analysis 54 31 Introduction 54 32 Nanoparticle modi ed electrodes: basic principles 55 33 Electroanalytical applications of nanoparticle modi ed electrodes: detection of arsenic 59 34 Electroanalytical applications of nanoparticle modi ed electrodes: detection of chromium 65 35 Electroanalytical applications of nanoparticle modi ed electrodes: detection of lead (II) and cadmium (II) 69 36 Electroanalytical applications of nanoparticle modi ed electrodes: detection of antimony 72 37 Conclusion 73 38 Sources of further information and advice 74 39 References 74 4 Interfacing cells with nanostructured electrochemical sensors for enhanced biomedical sensing 80 41 Introduction 80 42 Designing and constructing nanostructured surfaces for cellular sensing 81 43 Electrochemical sensing using nanoelectronic sensing devices 84 44 Interfacing nanostructured sensors for extracellular sensing 86 45 Interfacing amperometric nanostructured sensors with cells for bioelectricity and biomolecule detection 90 46 Interfacing nanostructured sensors for intracellular sensing 92 47 Conclusion 94 48 References 95 5 Chemiresistor gas sensors using semiconductor metal oxides 101 51 Introduction 101 52 The development of semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors 102 53 The gas-sensing process in semiconductor metal oxide sensors 106 54 Gas sensors using novel low dimensional metal oxides 110 55 Metal oxide nanostructure surface modi cation and doping 113 56 Recent developments and future trends 117 57 Sources of further information and advice 119 58 References 120 6 Electropolymers for (nano-)imprinted biomimetic biosensors 125 61 Introduction 125 62 Potential and limitations of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) 126 63 Preparation and performance of molecularly imprinted electropolymers 128 64 Combination of analyte-binding MIPs with nanomaterials 135 65 Integration of analyte recognition with catalysis in MIPs 140 66 Conclusion and future trends 141 67 References 142 7 Nanostructured conducting polymers for electrochemical sensing and biosensing 150 71 Introduction 150 72 Hard-template synthesis of conducting polymer nanomaterials 151 73 Soft-template synthesis of conducting polymer nanomaterials 159 74 Physical methodologies for synthesis of conducting polymer nanomaterials 163 75 Chemical and biological sensing applications: nano lms 166 76 Chemical and biological sensing applications: nanoparticle based sensors 174 77 Chemical and biological sensing applications: metallic nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conducting polymer composites 177 78 Chemical and biological sensing applications: nanowires and nanotubes 181 79 Chemical and biological sensing applications: nano bres, nanocables and other conducting polymer structures 185 710 Conclusion 188 711 References 188 Part II Spectrographic nanosensors 195 8 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticle sensors for biochemical and environmental sensing 197 81 Introduction: Raman scattering 197 82 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) 203 83 SERS-active substrates 211 84 Conclusion 221 85 Sources of further information and advice 221 86 Acknowledgements 223 87 References 223 9 The use of coated gold nanoparticles in high performance chemical sensors 231 91 Introduction 231 92 Synthesis of gold nanoparticle materials 232 93 Nanoparticle coatings 233 94 Modeling chemical sensing behavior 239 95 Other forms of gold nanoparticle chemical sensors 246 96 Conclusion and future trends 248 97 Sources of further information and advice 249 98 References 250 10 Nanoporous silicon biochemical sensors 254 101 Introduction 254 102 Synthesis of mesoporous silica materials and enzyme encapsulation 255 103 Application to enzymatic sensor and detection mechanism 257 104 Development of enzymatic sensor for formaldehyde detection 257 105 Conclusion 264 106 References 265 11 Semiconductor quantum dots in chemical sensors and biosensors 267 111 Introduction 267 112 Quantum dots (QDs): synthesis and optical properties 269 113 Bioconjugation and capping strategies 272 114 Applications of QDs to biosensors 274 115 Conclusion and future trends 289 116 References 290 12 Nanosensors and other techniques for detecting nanoparticles in the environment 295 121 Introduction 295 122 Overview of nanomaterials 297 123 The regulatory context 300 124 Analytical methodology: measurements of nanoparticles (NPs) in environmental media 301 125 Analytical methodology: detection and size distribution 305 126 Analytical methodology: chemical composition and quanti cation 309 127 Applications 318 128 Conclusion and future trends 326 129 Sources of further information and advice 327 1210 Acknowledgements 328 1211 References 329