BIOLOGY OF BRYOZOANS

By E. LUERR

1 Introducing bryozoans 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Phylogeny and classification 2 13 Ecology of bryozoans 5 14 Economic significance 10 References 11 2 History of discovery in Australian waters 17 21 Introduction 17 22 Early collections: 1700s and 1800s 17 23 Collecting in the 1900s 21 24 Bryozoa to the present, and current status of collecting 22 References 23 3 General morphology and terminology 29 31 External characteristics and astogeny 29 32 Skeletal system 31 33 Colonial tropisms, kineses and mobility 33 34 Feeding and digestive system 34 35 Interzooidal communications and the funicular system 36 36 Respiration and excretion 38 37 Degeneration and regeneration cycles 38 38 Nervous system and sense organs 39 39 Glandular systems 40 310 Reproduction 40 311 Genetic studies 45 References 47 4 Modern and Cenozoic bryozoan colony classification schemes 55 41 Introduction 55 42 Examples of bryozoan growth forms 56 43 Substratum and attachment 61 44 Conclusion 62 Acknowledgements 63 References 63 5 Bryozoans on seamounts 65 51 Introduction 65 52 Australian seamounts 65 53 Bryozoans on Australian and New Zealand seamounts 66 References 68 6 Bryozoans and biosecurity 71 61 Introduction 71 62 Bryozoans as marine-fouling organisms 71 63 Alien bryozoans in Australia 73 64 Conclusion 84 References 84 Colour plates 91 7 Bryozoans and biotechnology 121 71 Introduction 121 72 Compounds isolated from bryozoans 122 73 Compounds used against bryozoans 131 74 Conclusion 132 References 132 8 Bryozoans and ocean acidification 139 81 Ocean acidification: an old, but new global problem 139 82 What can we do about acidification? 140 83 Bryozoans as potential allies 140 84 Bryozoans as ‘canaries’ 140 85 Bryozoan growth models 141 86 Bryozoans as sentinels 142 87 Conclusion 142 References 143 9 Bryozoans in the marine benthos 145 91 Introduction 145 92 Temperate benthic environments 146 93 Tropical benthic environments 150 94 Environmental correlates 156 95 Bryozoans as habitat 157 Acknowledgements 157 References 158 10 Fossil bryozoans of Australia Section A – Palaeozoic Era 163 A101 Introduction 163 A102 Class Stenolaemata (range Ordovician to Recent) 163 A103 Class Gymnolaemata (range Ordovician to Recent) 164 S ection B – Mesozoic–Cenozoic Eras 165 Rolf Schmidt B101 Mesozoic 165 B102 Cenozoic 165 References 167