VENOMOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR VENOMS: VENOMOUS VERTEBRATES

By JOSEPH RODRIGUEZ

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL TOXINS WHAT ARE TOXINS? ORGANISMS AS SOURCES FOR TOXIC COMPOUNDS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL TOXINS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF ANIMAL TOXINS TOXICOKINETICS OF ANIMAL TOXINS TOXICODYNAMICS OF ANIMAL TOXINS ANIMAL TOXINS AND HUMAN HEALTH THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES UPON INTOXICATION IN HUMANS CHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND TOXICOLOGY OF ANIMAL TOXINS ALIPHATIC ACIDS POLYYNES GENERAL POLYYNES OF SPONGES (PORIFERA) POLYKETIDES ACANTHIFOLICIN APLYSIATOXIN BREVETOXINS BRYOSTATINS HALICHONDRINS PALYTOXIN PEDERIN OKADAIC ACID MAITOTOXIN TERPENES MONOTERPENES CANTHARIDIN SESQUITERPENES DITERPENES SESTERTERPENES TRITERPENES STEROIDS STEROIDS AS DEFENSIVE MOLECULES IN ANIMALS SAPONIN-LIKE TRITERPENES AND STEROID DERIVATIVES SAPONIN-LIKE STEROID DERIVATIVES OF SPONGES (PORIFERA) SAPONIN-LIKE STEROID DERIVATIVES OF CORALS (ANTHOZOA) AND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) SAPONIN-LIKE STEROID DERIVATIVES OF ECHINODERMS (ECHINODERMATA) SAPONIN-LIKE STEROID DERIVATIVES OF CARTILAGINOUS FISH (CHONDRICHTHYES) AND BONY FISH (OSTEICHTHYES) PHENYLPROPANOIDS PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN ARTHROPOD DEFENSE SECRETIONS AMINES TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM ACETYLCHOLINE OTHER CHOLINE ESTERS NEREISTOXIN PHENYLALKYLAMINES INDOLE AND IMIDAZOLE ALKYLAMINES ALKALOIDS IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDS ZOANTHAMINE ALKALOIDS PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS PYRIDOACRIDINE ALKALOIDS PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS QUINAZOLINE ALKALOIDS PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS PYRIMIDINE ALKALOIDS QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS QUINOLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS INDOLE ALKALOIDS PURINE ALKALOIDS TERPENE ALKALOIDS STEROID ALKALOIDS POLYAMINE ALKALOIDS AZAPHENALENE ALKALOIDS CYANOGENIC COMPOUNDS GLUCOSINOLATES PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES ENZYMES PROTEASES PHOSPHOLIPASES HYALURONIDASES DEOXYRIBONUCLEASES, RIBONUCLEASES, AND NUCLEOSIDASES ESTERASES AND APYRASES AMINO ACID OXIDASES CYTOTOXINS NEUROTOXINS MYOTOXINS CARDIOTOXINS HEMOTOXINS ALLERGENS LECTINS ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS VENOMOUS AND POISONOUS ANIMALS SYNERGISM OF VENOM COMPONENTS ANIMALS PRODUCING POISONS OR VENOMS AND MODES OF THEIR ACTIONS SPONGES (PORIFERA) CNIDARIA ANTHOZOA CUBOZOA AND SCYPHOZOA HYDROZOA MOLLUSCA SNAILS AND SLUGS (GASTROPODA) BIVALVIA CEPHALOPODA ECHINODERMATA SEA URCHINS (ECHINOIDEA) SEA STARS (ASTEROIDEA) SEA CUCUMBERS (HOLOTHUROIDEA) WORMS FLAT WORMS (PLATHELMINTHES) RIBBON WORMS (NEMERTEA) RINGED WORMS (ANNELIDA) TUNICATA ARACHNIDA SPIDERS (ARANEAE) SCORPIONS (SCORPIONES) MITES (ACARI) MYRIAPODA DIPLOPODA CHILOPODA INSECTS (HEXAPODA) INSECTS WITH STINGING OR BITING MOUTHPARTS HYMENOPTERA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) STICK INSECTS (PHASMATODEA) CATERPILLARS OF BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA) CRUSTACEA FISHES (PISCES) AMPHIBIA FROGS AND TOADS (ANURA) SALAMANDERS (URODELA) CAECILIANS (APODA) REPTILES AND BIRDS (SAUROPSIDA) LIZARDS (SQUAMATA) SNAKES (SERPENTES) BIRDS (AVES) MAMMALS (MAMMALIA) POISON INFORMATION CENTERS