ADVANCED SURFACES FOR STEM CELL RESEARCH
CONTENTS 1 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS FOR STEM CELL FATE BETÜL ÇELEBI-SALTIK 1 1 HUMAN STEM CELLS, SOURCES, AND NICHES 1 2 ROLE OF EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC FACTORS 1 2 1 SHAPE 1 2 2 TOPOGRAPHY REGULATES CELL FATE 1 2 3 STIFFNESS AND STRESS 1 2 4 INTEGRINS 1 2 5 SIGNALING VIA INTEGRINS 1 3 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF THE MESENCHYME: HUMAN BONE MARROW 1 4 BIOMIMETIC PEPTIDES AS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS REFERENCES 2 THE SUPERFICIAL MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MICROENVIRONMENT AS STEM CELL FATE REGULATOR MOHSEN SHAHROUSVAND, GITY MIR MOHAMAD SADEGHI AND ALI SALIMI 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 FABRICATION OF THE MICROENVIRONMENTS WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES IN SURFACES 2 3 EFFECTS OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY ON STEM CELL BEHAVIORS 2 4 ROLE OF SUBSTRATE STIFFNESS AND ELASTICITY OF MATRIX ON CELL CULTURE 2 5 STEM CELL FATE INDUCED BY MATRIX STIFFNESS AND ITS MECHANISM 2 6 COMPETITION/COMPLIANCE BETWEEN MATRIX STIFFNESS AND OTHER SIGNALS AND THEIR EFFECT ON STEM CELLS FATE 2 7 EFFECTS OF MATRIX STIFFNESS ON STEM CELLS IN TWO DIMENSIONS VERSUS THREE DIMENSIONS 2 8 EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL MECHANICAL CUES ON STEM CELL FATE FROM SURFACE INTERACTIONS PERSPECTIVE 2 9 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 EFFECTS OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION ON STEM CELL BEHAVIOR BAHAR BILGEN AND SEDAT ODABAS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE CONCEPT OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION 3 3 THE MECHANICAL CUES OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TISSUE FORMATION ON THE BASIS OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION 3 4 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION VIA EXTERNAL FORCES 3 4 1 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION VIA BIOREACTORS 3 4 2 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION VIA PARTICLE-BASED SYSTEMS 3 4 3 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION VIA OTHER EXTERNAL FORCES 3 5 MECHANOTRANSDUCTION VIA BIOINSPIRED MATERIALS 3 6 FUTURE REMARKS AND CONCLUSION DECLARATION OF INTEREST 4 MODULATION OF STEM CELLS BEHAVIOR THROUGH BIOACTIVE SURFACES EDUARDO D GOMES, RITA C ASSUNÇÃO-SILVA, NUNO SOUSA, NUNO A SILVA AND ANTÓNIO J SALGADO 4 1 LITHOGRAPHY 4 2 MICRO AND NANOPATTERNING 4 3 MICROFLUIDICS 4 4 ELECTROSPINNING 4 5 BOTTOM-UP/TOP-DOWN APPROACHES 4 6 SUBSTRATES CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS 4 6 1 BIOMOLECULES COATINGS 4 6 2 PEPTIDE GRAFTING 4 7 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INFLUENCE OF CONTROLLED MICRO- AND NANOENGINEERED ENVIRONMENTS ON STEM CELL FATE ANNA LAGUNAS, DAVID CABALLERO AND JOSEP SAMITIER 5 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERED ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION 5 1 1 STEM CELLS NICHE IN VIVO: A HIGHLY DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT 5 1 2 MIMICKING THE STEM CELLS NICHE IN VITRO: ENGINEERED BIOMATERIALS 5 2 MECHANOREGULATION OF STEM CELL FATE 5 2 1 FROM IN VIVO TO IN VITRO: INFLUENCE OF THE MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENT ON STEM CELL FATE 5 2 2 REGULATION OF STEM CELL FATE BY SURFACE ROUGHNESS 5 2 3 CONTROL OF STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION BY MICRO- AND NANOTOPOGRAPHIC SURFACES 5 2 4 PHYSICAL GRADIENTS FOR REGULATING STEM CELL FATE 5 3 CONTROLLED SURFACE IMMOBILIZATION OF BIOCHEMICAL STIMULI FOR STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION 5 3 1 MICRO- AND NANOPATTERNED SURFACES: EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL CONSTRAINT AND LIGAND PRESENTATION AT THE NANOSCALE 5 3 2 BIOCHEMICAL GRADIENTS FOR STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION 5 4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICRO- AND NANOENGINEERED ENVIRONMENTS FOR STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION 5 4 1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MECHANOREGULATION OF STEM CELL FATE 5 4 2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL BIOCHEMICAL PATTERNS FOR STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION 5 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 6 RECENT ADVANCES IN NANOSTRUCTURED POLYMERIC SURFACE: CHALLENGES AND FRONTIERS IN STEM CELLS ILARIA ARMENTANO, SAMANTHA MATTIOLI, FRANCESCO MORENA, CHIARA ARGENTATI, SABATA MARTINO, LUIGI TORRE AND JOSÈ MARIA KENNY 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACE 6 3 STEM CELL 6 4 STEM CELL/SURFACE INTERACTION 6 5 MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES USED IN ESTIMATING STEM CELL/SURFACE 6 5 1 FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY 6 5 2 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 6 5 3 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 6 5 3 1 INSTRUMENT 6 5 3 2 CELL NANOMECHANICAL MOTION 6 5 3 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 6 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 7 LASER SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES AND STEM CELLS APPLICATIONS ÇA?RI KAAN AKKAN 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 FUNDAMENTAL LASER OPTICS FOR SURFACE STRUCTURING 7 2 1 DEFINITIVE FACTS FOR LASER SURFACE STRUCTURING 7 2 1 1 ABSORPTIVITY AND REFLECTIVITY OF THE LASER BEAM BY THE MATERIAL SURFACE 7 2 1 2 EFFECT OF THE INCOMING LASER LIGHT POLARIZATION 7 2 1 3 OPERATION MODE OF THE LASER 7 2 1 4 BEAM QUALITY FACTOR 7 2 1 5 LASER PULSE ENERGY/POWER 7 2 2 ABLATION BY LASER PULSES 7 2 2 1 FOCUSING THE LASER BEAM 7 2 2 2 ABLATION REGIME 7 3 METHODS FOR LASER SURFACE STRUCTURING 7 3 1 PHYSICAL SURFACE MODIFICATIONS BY LASERS 7 3 1 1 DIRECT STRUCTURING 7 3 1 2 BEAM SHAPING OPTICS 7 3 1 3 DIRECT LASER INTERFERENCE PATTERNING 7 3 2 CHEMICAL SURFACE MODIFICATION BY LASERS 7 3 2 1 PULSED LASER DEPOSITION 7 3 2 2 LASER SURFACE ALLOYING 7 3 2 3 LASER SURFACE OXIDATION AND NITRIDING 7 4 STEM CELLS AND LASER-MODIFIED SURFACES 7 5 CONCLUSIONS 8 PLASMA POLYMER DEPOSITION: A VERSATILE TOOL FOR STEM CELL RESEARCH M N MACGREGOR-RAMIASA AND K VASILEV 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 THE PRINCIPLE AND PHYSICS OF PLASMA METHODS FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION 8 2 1 PLASMA SPUTTERING, ETCHING AN IMPLANTATION 8 2 2 PLASMA POLYMER DEPOSITION 8 3 SURFACE PROPERTIES INFLUENCING STEM CELL FATE 8 3 1 PLASMA METHODS FOR TAILORED SURFACE CHEMISTRY 8 3 1 1 OXYGEN-RICH SURFACES 8 3 1 2 NITROGEN-RICH SURFACES 8 3 1 3 SYSTEMATIC STUDIES AND COPOLYMERS 8 3 2 PLASMA FOR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 8 3 3 PLASMA FOR SURFACE STIFFNESS 8 3 4 PLASMA FOR GRADIENT SUBSTRATA 8 3 5 PLASMA AND 3D SCAFFOLDS 8 4 NEW TRENDS AND OUTLOOK 8 5 CONCLUSIONS 9 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING APPROACHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CRITICAL-SIZED BONE DEFECTS SARA SALEHI, BILAL A NAVED AND WARREN L GRAYSON 9 1 BACKGROUND 9 1 1 TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR CRITICAL-SIZED BONE DEFECTS 9 1 2 HISTORY OF THE APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTING TO MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 9 2 OVERVIEW OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES 9 2 1 LASER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 9 2 1 1 STEREOLITHOGRAPHY 9 2 1 2 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING 9 2 1 3 SELECTIVE LASER MELTING 9 2 1 4 ELECTRON BEAM MELTING 9 2 1 5 TWO-PHOTON POLYMERIZATION 9 2 2 EXTRUSION-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 9 2 2 1 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING 9 2 2 2 MATERIAL JETTING 9 2 3 INK-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 9 2 3 1 INKJET 3D PRINTING 9 2 3 2 AEROSOL JET PRINTING 9 3 SURGICAL GUIDES AND MODELS FOR BONE RECONSTRUCTION 9 3 1 LASER-BASED SURGICAL GUIDES 9 3 2 EXTRUSION-BASED SURGICAL GUIDES 9 3 3 INK-BASED SURGICAL GUIDES 9 4 THREE-DIMENSIONALLY PRINTED IMPLANTS FOR BONE SUBSTITUTION 9 4 1 LASER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR METALLIC BONE IMPLANTS 9 4 2 EXTRUSION-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR BONE IMPLANTS 9 4 3 INK-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR BONE IMPLANTS 9 5 SCAFFOLDS FOR BONE REGENERATION 9 5 1 LASER-BASED PRINTING FOR REGENERATIVE SCAFFOLDS 9 5 2 EXTRUSION-BASED PRINTING FOR REGENERATIVE SCAFFOLDS 9 5 3 INK-BASED PRINTING FOR REGENERATIVE SCAFFOLDS 9 5 4 PRE- AND POST-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES 9 5 4 1 PRE-PROCESSING 9 5 4 2 POST-PROCESSING: SINTERING 9 5 4 3 POST-PROCESSING: FUNCTIONALIZATION 9 6 BIOPRINTING 9 7 CONCLUSION LIST OF ABBREVIATION 10 APPLICATION OF BIOREACTOR CONCEPT AND MODELING TECHNIQUES TO BONE REGENERATION AND AUGMENTATION TREATMENTS OSCAR A DECCÓ AND JÉSICA I ZUCHUAT 10 1 BONE TISSUE REGENERATION 10 1 1 PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES 10 1 2 TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA 10 1 3 ANGIOGENESIS IN REGENERATION 10 2 ACTUAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND CONCEPTS TO OBTAIN AN OPTIMAL BONE QUALITY AND QUANTITY 10 2 1 GUIDED BONE REGENERATION BASED ON CELLS 10 2 1 1 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 10 2 1 2 ADULT STEM CELLS 10 2 1 3 MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 10 2 2 GUIDED BONE REGENERATION BASED ON PLATELET-RICH PLASMA (PRP) AND GROWTH FACTORS 10 2 2 1 BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS 10 2 3 GUIDED BONE REGENERATION BASED ON BARRIER MEMBRANES 10 2 4 GUIDED BONE REGENERATION BASED ON SCAFFOLDS 10 3 BIOREACTORS EMPLOYED FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING IN GUIDED BONE REGENERATION 10 3 1 SPINNER FLASK BIOREACTORS 10 3 2 ROTATING WALL BIOREACTORS 10 3 3 PERFUSION BIOREACTORS 10 4 BIOREACTOR CONCEPT IN GUIDED BONE REGENERATION AND TISSUE ENGINEERING: IN VIVO APPLICATION 10 4 1 SAND BLASTING 10 4 2 CHEMICAL TREATMENT 10 4 3 HEAT TREATMENT 10 5 NEW MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES INTENDED TO IMPROVE AND ACCELERATE THE TREATMENT OF INJURED AND/OR DISEASED BONE 10 5 1 APPLICATION OF BIOREACTOR IN DENTISTRY: THERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF MAXILLARY BONE DEFECTS 10 5 2 APPLICATION OF BIOREACTOR IN CASES OF OSTEOPOROSIS 10 6 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO PREDICT BONE INGROWTH 11 STEM CELL-BASED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS: REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES DENIZ OZDIL AND HALIL MURAT AYDIN 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 DEFINING STEM CELL-BASED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 11 3 REGIONAL REGULATORY ISSUES FOR STEM CELL PRODUCTS 11 4 REGULATORY SYSTEMS FOR STEM CELL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 11 4 1 THE US REGULATORY SYSTEM 11 5 STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES: THE EUROPEAN REGULATORY SYSTEM 12 SUBSTRATES AND SURFACES FOR CONTROL OF PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL FATE AND FUNCTION AKSHAYA SRINIVASAN, YI-CHIN TOH, XIAN JUN LOH AND WEI SEONG TOH 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS 12 3 SUBSTRATES FOR MAINTENANCE OF SELF-RENEWAL AND PLURIPOTENCY OF PSCS 12 3 1 CELLULAR SUBSTRATES 12 3 2 ACELLULAR SUBSTRATES 12 3 2 1 BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 12 3 2 2 ECM COMPONENTS 12 3 2 3 DECELLULARIZED MATRICES 12 3 2 4 CELL ADHESION MOLECULES 12 3 2 5 SYNTHETIC SUBSTRATES 12 4 SUBSTRATES FOR PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION OF PSCS 12 4 1 CELLULAR SUBSTRATES 12 4 2 ACELLULAR SUBSTRATES 12 4 2 1 BIOLOGICAL MATRICES 12 4 2 2 ECM COMPONENTS 12 4 2 3 DECELLULARIZED MATRICES 12 4 2 4 CELL ADHESION MOLECULES 12 4 2 5 SYNTHETIC SUBSTRATES 12 5 CONCLUSIONS 13 SILK AS A NATURAL BIOPOLYMER FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING AY?E AK CAN AND GAMZE BÖLÜKBA?I ATE? 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 1 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 13 1 2 BIODEGRADATION 13 1 3 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 13 2 SF AS A BIOMATERIAL 13 2 1 FIBROIN HYDROGELS AND SPONGES 13 2 2 FIBROIN FILMS AND MEMBRANES 13 2 3 NONWOVEN AND WOVEN SILK SCAFFOLDS 13 2 4 SILK FIBROIN AS A BIOACTIVE MOLECULE DELIVERY 13 3 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF SILK-BASED BIOMATERIALS 13 3 1 BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 13 3 2 CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING 13 3 3 LIGAMENT AND TENDON TISSUE ENGINEERING 13 3 4 CARDIOVASCULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING 13 3 5 SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING 13 3 6 OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SILK FIBROIN 13 4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 14 APPLICATIONS OF BIOPOLYMER-BASED, SURFACE-MODIFIED DEVICES IN TRANSPLANT MEDICINE AND TISSUE ENGINEERING ASHIM MALHOTRA, GULNAZ JAVAN AND SHIVANI SONI 14 1 INTRODUCTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 14 2 NEED ASSESSMENT FOR BIOPOLYMER-BASED DEVICES IN CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTICS 14 3 EMERGENCE OF SURFACE MODIFICATION APPLICATIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 14 4 NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCING BIOSURFACE MODIFICATION 14 5 SURFACE MODIFICATION BY EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN ADHERENCE 14 6 THE ROLE OF SURFACE MODIFICATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CARDIAC PROSTHESES 14 7 BIOPOLYMER-BASED SURFACE MODIFICATION OF MATERIALS USED IN BONE RECONSTRUCTION 14 8 THE USE OF BIOPOLYMERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 14 8 1 PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES 14 8 1 1 ALBUMIN-BASED NANOPARTICLES AND SURFACE MODIFICATION 14 8 1 2 COLLAGEN-BASED NANOPARTICLES AND SURFACE MODIFICATION 14 8 1 3 GELATIN-BASED NANOPARTICLE SYSTEMS 14 8 2 POLYSACCHARIDE-BASED NANOPARTICLE SYSTEMS 14 8 2 1 THE USE OF ALGINATE FOR SURFACE MODIFICATIONS 14 8 2 2 THE USE OF CHITOSAN-BASED NANOPARTICLES AND CHITOSAN-BASED SURFACE MODIFICATION 14 8 2 3 THE USE OF CHITIN-BASED NANOPARTICLES AND CHITIN-BASED SURFACE MODIFICATION 14 8 2 4 THE USE OF CELLULOSE-BASED NANOPARTICLES AND CELLULOSE-BASED SURFACE MODIFICATION 15 STEM CELL BEHAVIOR ON MICROENVIRONMENT MIMICKED SURFACES M ÖZGEN ÖZTÜRK ÖNCEL AND BORA GARIPCAN 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 STEM CELLS 15 2 1 DEFINITION AND TYPES 15 2 1 1 EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 15 2 1 2 ADULT STEM CELLS 15 2 1 3 REPROGRAMMING AND INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS 15 2 2 STEM CELL NICHE 15 3 STEM CELLS: MICROENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 15 3 1 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 15 3 2 SIGNALING FACTORS 15 3 3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION 15 3 4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 15 3 5 CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS 15 4 BIOMATERIALS AS STEM CELL MICROENVIRONMENTS 15 4 1 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 15 4 2 SURFACE HYDROPHILICITY AND HYDROPHOBICITY 15 4 3 SUBSTRATE STIFFNESS 15 4 4 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 15 5 BIOMIMICKED AND BIOINSPIRED APPROACHES 15 5 1 BONE TISSUE REGENERATION 15 5 2 CARTILAGE TISSUE REGENERATION 15 5 3 CARDIAC TISSUE REGENERATION 15 6 CONCLUSION EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS FOR STEM CELL FATE ABSTRACT STEM CELL-BASED REGENERATIVE MEDICINE AIMS TO REPAIR AND REGENERATE INJURED AND/ OR DISEASED TISSUES BY IMPLANTING A COMBINATION OF CELLS, BIOMATERIALS, AND SOLUBLE FACTORS UNFORTUNATELY, DUE TO AN INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOMATERIALS AND SPECIFIC STEM CELL TYPES, AND THE INABILITY TO CONTROL THE COMPLEX SIGNALING PATHWAYS ENSURED BY THESE INTERACTIONS, THE ABIL- ITY TO DESIGN FUNCTIONAL TISSUE AND ORGAN SUBSTITUTES HAS BEEN LIMITED THE GREAT- EST CHALLENGE REMAINS THE ABILITY TO CONTROL STEM CELLS’ FATE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL’S NATURAL MICROENVIRONMENT OR “NICHE” STEM CELL FATE IS KNOWN TO BE REGULATED BY SIGNALS FROM THE MICROENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) INCLUDING GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS AND PROTEOGLYCANS TO WHICH STEM CELLS ADHERE THEY REPRESENT AN ESSENTIAL PLAYER IN STEM CELL MICROENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THEY CAN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY MODULATE THE MAINTENANCE, PROLIFERATION, SELF-RENEWAL, AND DIFFERENTIA- TION OF STEM CELLS THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STEM CELLS AND THE ECM PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN LIVING TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, REPAIR, AND REGENERATION AS WELL THE DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL ECM AND/OR BINDING SITE IS IMPORTANT IN TISSUE ENGINEERING BECAUSE ARTI- FICIAL ECM AND/OR BINDING REGULATES CELLULAR BEHAVIORS IDENTIFICATION OF BINDING SITES AND KEY MOTIFS IN ECM PROTEINS THAT INTERACT WITH CELLULAR RECEPTORS CAN ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO GENERATE SMALL PEPTIDES THAT CAN MIMIC THE FUNCTION OF LARGE ECM PROTEINS KEYWORDS: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS, STEM CELLS, NICHE, INTEGRIN, SIGNALING