FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT VIROLOGY
1 Management of Air-Borne Viruses by “Optical Barriers” in Protected Agriculture and Open-Field Crops 1 1 Introduction 2 2 The Insects Vision Apparatus 2 3 Use of UV-Absorbing Cladding Materials for Greenhouse Protection Against the Spread of Insect Pests and Virus Diseases 7 4 Sticky Traps for Monitoring and Insects Mass Trapping 19 5 Soil Mulches 20 6 Reflective and Colored Shading Nets 23 7 Reflective Films Formed by Whitewashes 24 8 Prospects and Outlooks 26 References 26 2 Transgenic Resistance 35 1 Introduction 36 2 Viral Protein-Mediated Resistance 37 3 Viral RNA-Mediated Resistance 64 4 Nonviral-Mediated Resistance 93 5 Host-Derived Resistance 101 6 Conclusions and Perspectives 106 Acknowledgments 108 References 109 3 Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses in Open-Field Production Systems 147 1 Introduction 148 2 Whiteflies and the Viruses They Transmit 149 3 Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses Using Pesticides 154 4 Management of Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses Using Cultural Practices 159 5 Genetic Resistance 167 6 Case Study 1: Managing Begomoviruses and Ipomoviruses in Cassava 180 7 Case Study 2: Management of Criniviruses 185 8 Concluding Remarks 191 References 192 4 Control of Plant Virus Diseases in Cool-Season Grain Legume Crops 207 1 Introduction 208 2 Surveys, Importance, Losses, Economics in Relation to Virus Control and Control Methods 209 3 Host Resistance 221 4 Phytosanitary Measures 229 5 Cultural Practices 230 6 Chemical Control 234 7 Biological Control 236 8 Integrated Approaches 236 9 Implications of Climate Change and New Technologies 239 10 Conclusions 239 References 241 5 Control of Cucurbit Viruses 255 1 Introduction 256 2 Growing Healthy Seeds in a Healthy Environment 260 3 Altering the Activity of Vectors 266 4 Making Cucurbits Resistant to Viruses 272 5 Concluding Remarks 286 References 289 6 Virus Diseases of Peppers (Capsicum spp) and Their Control 297 1 Introduction 298 2 The Main Viruses Infecting Peppers 299 3 Management of Viruses Infecting Peppers 314 4 Discussion and Conclusions 336 References 343 7 Control of Virus Diseases in Soybeans 355 1 Introduction 356 2 Soybean Mosaic Virus 358 3 Bean Pod Mottle Virus 367 4 Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus 370 5 Tobacco Ringspot Virus 371 6 Soybean Dwarf Virus 373 7 Peanut Mottle Virus 375 8 Peanut Stunt Virus 376 9 Alfalfa Mosaic Virus 377 10 Management: Present and Prospects 378 Acknowledgments 382 References 383 8 Control of Virus Diseases in Maize 391 1 Introduction 392 2 Virus Diseases of Maize 392 3 Disease Emergence and Control 402 4 Development of Virus-Resistant Crops 409 5 Genetics of Resistance to Virus Diseases 412 6 Toward Understanding Virus Resistance Mechanisms in Maize 415 7 Conclusion 418 Acknowledgments 418 References 418 9 Tropical Food Legumes: Virus Diseases of Economic Importance and Their Control 431 1 Introduction 432 2 Virus Diseases of Major Food Legumes 434 3 Virus Diseases of Minor Food Legumes 479 4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 481 Acknowledgments 482 References 482