WINE SCIENCE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS GRAPE SPECIES AND VARIETIES INTRODUCTION THE GENUS VITIS GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF VITIS AND VITIS VINIFERA DOMESTICATION OF VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVAR ORIGINS GRAPEVINE IMPROVEMENT STANDARD BREEDING TECHNIQUES GENETIC ENGINEERING CLONAL SELECTION SOMACLONAL SELECTION AND MUTATION GRAPEVINE CULTIVARS VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVARS INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION GRAPEVINE AND WINE ORIGIN COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF GRAPES AND WINE WINE CLASSI? CATION STILL TABLE WINES SPARKLING WINES FORTI? ED WINES (DESSERT AND APPETIZER WINES) WINE QUALITY HEALTH-RELATED ASPECTS OF WINE CONSUMPTION GRAPEVINE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THE ROOT SYSTEM THE SHOOT SYSTEM TENDRILS LEAVES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN? ORESCENCE (FLOWER CLUSTER) BERRY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT VINEYARD PRACTICE VINE CYCLE AND VINEYARD ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT OF VINE GROWTH YIELD/QUALITY RATIO PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PRUNING PRUNING OPTIONS PRUNING LEVEL AND TIMING BEARING WOOD SELECTION PRUNING PROCEDURES TRAINING OPTIONS AND SYSTEMS CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SELECTED TRAINING SYSTEMS ANCIENT ROMAN EXAMPLE CONTROL OF VINE VIGOR (DEVIGORATION) ROOTSTOCK VINE PROPAGATION AND GRAFTING MULTIPLICATION PROCEDURES GRAFTING SOIL PREPARATION VINEYARD PLANTING AND ESTABLISHMENT IRRIGATION TIMING AND NEED FOR IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY AND SALINITY TYPES OF IRRIGATION FERTILIZATION FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT SUPPLY AND ACQUISITION ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT NEED NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS DISEASE, PEST, AND WEED CONTROL CONTROL OF PATHOGENS CONSEQUENCES OF PATHOGENESIS FOR FRUIT QUALITY EXAMPLES OF GRAPEVINE DISEASES AND PESTS HARVESTING CRITERIA FOR HARVEST TIMING SAMPLING HARVEST MECHANISMS MEASUREMENT OF VINEYARD VARIABILITY SITE SELECTION AND CLIMATE SOIL IN? UENCES GEOLOGIC ORIGIN TEXTURE STRUCTURE DRAINAGE AND WATER AVAILABILITY SOIL DEPTH SOIL FAUNA AND FLORA NUTRIENT CONTENT AND PH COLOR ORGANIC CONTENT TOPOGRAPHIC IN? UENCES SOLAR EXPOSURE WIND DIRECTION FROST AND WINTER PROTECTION ALTITUDE DRAINAGE ATMOSPHERIC IN? UENCES TEMPERATURE SOLAR RADIATION WIND WATER CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF GRAPES AND WINE INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS SUGARS PECTINS, GUMS, AND RELATED POLYSACCHARIDES ALCOHOLS ACIDS PHENOLS AND RELATED PHENOL (PHENYL) DERIVATIVES ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ACETALS ESTERS LACTONES AND OTHER OXYGEN HETEROCYCLES TERPENES AND OXYGENATED DERIVATIVES NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS HYDROCARBONS AND DERIVATIVES MACROMOLECULES VITAMINS DISSOLVED GASES MINERALS CHEMICAL NATURE OF VARIETAL AROMAS APPENDIX 6 1 APPENDIX 6 2 APPENDIX 6 3 FERMENTATION BASIC PROCEDURES OF WINE PRODUCTION PREFERMENTATION PRACTICES DESTEMMING SORTING CRUSHING SUPRAEXTRACTION MACERATION (SKIN CONTACT) DEJUICING PRESSING MUST CLARI? CATION ADJUSTMENTS TO JUICE AND MUST ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION FERMENTORS FERMENTATION BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION YEASTS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FERMENTATION MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION LACTIC ACID BACTERIA EFFECTS OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA CONTROL APPENDIX 7 1 APPENDIX 7 2 POSTFERMENTATION TREATMENTS AND RELATED TOPICS WINE ADJUSTMENTS ACIDITY AND PH ADJUSTMENT SWEETENING DEALCOHOLIZATION FLAVOR ENHANCEMENT SUR LIES MATURATION COLOR ADJUSTMENT BLENDING STABILIZATION AND CLARI? CATION STABILIZATION FINING CLARI? CATION AGING EFFECTS OF AGING FACTORS AFFECTING AGING REJUVENATION OF OLD WINES AGING POTENTIAL OAK AND COOPERAGE OAK SPECIES AND WOOD PROPERTIES BARREL PRODUCTION CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OAK OXYGEN UPTAKE IN-BARREL FERMENTATION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OAK COOPERAGE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF OAK FLAVOR OTHER COOPERAGE MATERIALS CORK AND OTHER BOTTLE CLOSURES CORK CORK FAULTS ALTERNATIVE BOTTLE CLOSURES CORK INSERTION BOTTLES AND OTHER CONTAINERS GLASS BOTTLES BAG-IN-BOX CONTAINERS WINE SPOILAGE CORK-RELATED PROBLEMS YEAST-INDUCED SPOILAGE BACTERIA-INDUCED SPOILAGE SULFUR OFF-ODORS ADDITIONAL SPOILAGE PROBLEMS ACCIDENTAL CONTAMINATION SPECI? C AND DISTINCTIVE WINE STYLES SWEET TABLE WINES BOTRYTIZED WINES NONBOTRYTIZED SWEET WINE RED WINE STYLES RECIOTO-STYLE WINES CARBONIC MACERATION WINES TRADITIONAL METHOD TRANSFER METHOD BULK METHOD OTHER METHODS CARBONATION PRODUCTION OF ROSÉ AND RED SPARKLING WINES EFFERVESCENCE AND FOAM CHARACTERISTICS FORTI? ED WINES SHERRY AND SHERRY-LIKE WINES PORTO AND PORT-LIKE WINES MADEIRA VERMOUTH BRANDY WINE LAWS, AUTHENTICATION, AND GEOGRAPHY APPELLATION CONTROL LAWS BASIC CONCEPTS AND SIGNI? CANCE GEOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION DETECTION OF WINE MISREPRESENTATION AND ADULTERATION VALIDATION OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN VALIDATION OF CONFORMITY TO WINE PRODUCTION REGULATIONS WORLD WINE REGIONS WESTERN EUROPE NORTH AFRICA AND THE NEAR EAST FAR EAST AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA SENSORY PERCEPTION AND WINE ASSESSMENT VISUAL SENSATIONS CLARITY VISCOSITY SPRITZ (EFFERVESCENCE) TEARS TASTE AND MOUTH-FEEL TASTE FACTORS IN? UENCING TASTE PERCEPTION MOUTH-FEEL TASTE AND MOUTH-FEEL SENSATIONS IN WINE TASTING ODOR THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM ODORANTS AND OLFACTORY STIMULATION SENSATIONS FROM THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE ODOR PERCEPTION FACTORS AFFECTING OLFACTORY PERCEPTION ODOR ASSESSMENT IN WINE TASTING OFF-ODORS WINE ASSESSMENT AND SENSORY ANALYSIS CONDITIONS FOR SENSORY ANALYSIS WINE SCORE CARDS NUMBER OF TASTERS TASTERS TRAINING MEASURING TASTING ACUITY AND CONSISTENCY WINE-TASTING TECHNIQUE APPEARANCE ORTHONASAL ODOR IN-MOUTH SENSATIONS FINISH ASSESSMENT OF OVERALL QUALITY WINE TERMINOLOGY STATISTICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF TASTING RESULTS SIMPLE TESTS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF WINE OBJECTIVE WINE ANALYSIS APPENDIX 11 1 WINE AND HEALTH INTRODUCTION METABOLISM OF ALCOHOL PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS FOOD VALUE DIGESTION PHENOLIC BIOAVAILABILITY ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS VISION NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OSTEOPOROSIS GOUT ARTHRITIS DIABETES GOITRE KIDNEY STONES CANCER ALLERGIES AND HYPERSENSITIVITY HEADACHES DENTAL EROSION FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME CONTRAINDICATIONS WINE AND MEDICATIONS