THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF GLYCOPROTEINS AND PROTEOGLYCANS
CONTENTS CHAPTER ON DENTAL CELL TYPES AND CELL POPULATIONS, ALSO IN LIGHT OF EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION TYPES OF TEETH DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF DENTAL CELL TYPES CELL TYPES AND CONTINUOUSLY GROWING TEETH 1 2 CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON DENTAL CELL TYPES EPITHELIUM-DERIVED CELL TYPES 1 2 2 MESENCHYME-DERIVED CELL TYPES 1 2 3 BLOOD VESSELS DENTAL INNERVATION AND ASSOCIATED CELL TYPES 1 2 5 TISSUE-RESIDENTIAL IMMUNE CELLS OF THE PULP C ELLULAR COMPOSITION OF STRUCTURES ANCHORING TEETH IN JAWS 1 3 EVOLUTION OF CELL TYPES BUILDING ODONTODES EVOLUTION OF ODONTOBLASTS AND OSTEOCYTES EVOLUTION OF PULP CELLS E VOLUTION OF CELL TYPES FORMING TOOTH ATTACHMENT— CEMENTOBLASTS AND PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTUM EVOLUTION OF AMELOBLASTS 1 4 P ERSPECTIVES OF SINGLE-CELL OMICS METHODS IN THE EVOLUTION OF CELL TYPES BUILDING ODONTODES REFERENCES CHAPTER THE CONQUEST OF THE OROPHARYNX BY ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIA 2 1 I NTRODUCTION: WHAT ARE TEETH AND WHERE ARE THEY FORMED? 2 2 THE ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIA: NEW PLAYERS 2 3 ODONTOGENESIS STARTS IN STRATIFED EPITHELIA 2 4 O DONTOGENESIS IN THE ORAL REGION IS RESTRICTED TO ODONTOGENIC BANDS OR DENTAL LAMINAE 2 5 T HE DISTRIBUTION OF PHARYNGEAL TEETH: THE ROLE OF RETINOIC ACID 2 6 CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE NEURAL CREST AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ODONTOSKELETOGENIC POTENTIAL ALONG THE BODY AXIS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 DISTINCT NEURAL CREST SUBPOPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL ALONG THE ANTEROPOSTERIOR AXIS 3 3 S KELETAL BIOMINERALIZATION IS TIGHTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACQUISITION OF NEURAL CREST 3 4 S CHWANN CELL PRECURSORS, CELLS WITH NEURAL CREST-LIKE DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL 3 5 NEURAL CREST AS A GENERATOR OF ODONTOSKELETOGENIC POTENTIAL ALONG THE BODY AXIS 3 6 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF ODONTODE TISSUES 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 T OOTH AND ODONTODE CELLS: CONSERVED FEATURES IN EXTANT JAWED VERTEBRATES 4 3 TOOTH AND DERMAL ODONTODE TISSUES: VARIABLE HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES IN JAWED VERTEBRATES 4 4 TOOTH/ODONTODE BIOMINERALIZATION, SHARED ANCESTRAL PROCESSES? 4 5 GENERAL ECM STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FIBRILLAR AND MINOR COLLAGENS 4 5 2 PROTEOGLYCANS 4 6 MATRIX MINERALIZATION COMPONENTS THE MATRIX- AND BONE-GLA PROTEINS 4 6 2 THE SPECIFC CASE OF TYPE X COLLAGEN 4 6 3 SPARC (OSTEONECTIN) AND SPARC-LIKE PROTEINS EXTRACELLULAR PHOSPHATASES 4 7 T HE SECRETORY CALCIUM-BINDING PHOSPHOPROTEIN FAMILY P/Q-RICH SCPPS THE SIBLING FAMILY OF ACIDIC SCPPS 4 8 MATRIX DEGRADATION COMPONENTS MATRIXINS: THE MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE FAMILY 4 8 2 ADAMALYSINS: THE ADAM AND ADAMTS FAMILIES 4 8 3 ASTACINS: THE BMP1/TLL AND MEPRINS 4 8 4 NON-METZINCIN PROTEASES: PEPTIDE RELEASE AND GROUND MATRIX DEGRADATION 4 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS ODONTOBLAST REPERTOIRE DELIVERS SIGNIFCANTLY DIFFERENT DENTAL TISSUES FROM PLURIPOTENT NEURAL CREST-DERIVED CELLS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 MODEL OF MORPHOGENETIC UNITS FORMED FROM CRANIAL NEURAL CREST (CNC) 5 3 DEVELOPMENT OF ODONTOBLASTS WITHIN A TOOTH MODULE LOSS OF POTENTIAL TO MAKE TOOTH GERMS IN EXTANT HOLOCEPHALANS EARLY STAGES OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE TOOTH MODULE NEW TOOTH MODULES THAT FORM CONTINUOUSLY IN ADULT JAWS 5 4 E VOLUTION OF DENTINE TISSUES AND ODONTOBLAST PLURALITY 5 5 E NAMELOID PRODUCTION BY ODONTOBLASTS WITH VARIATION IN SHARKS AND RAYS (ELASMOBRANCHII) SHARK AGE SERIES IN A TOOTH WHORL ENAMELOID AS A PRODUCT OF THE ODONTOBLASTS OSTEODENTINE AS A PRODUCT OF THE ODONTOBLASTS ODONTOBLAST PRODUCTION IN DERMAL SAW TEETH 5 5 5 RAYS AGE SERIES IN TOOTH WHORLS OF RHINOPTERA AND RHINOBATOS 5 6 H YPERMINERALISED DENTINE IN HOLOCEPHALANS WITHOUT TEETH EXTINCT HOLOCEPHALANS WITH TEETH EXTANT FORMS WITHOUT TEETH AND NEW HYPERMINERALISED TISSUE TYPE 5 7 O DONTOBLASTS IN BONY FISHES (ACTINOPTERYGII), FOSSIL AND EXTANT ODONTOBLASTS MANAGE THE CORONAL ENAMELOID IN CRUSHING TEETH O DONTOBLAST ACTIVITY IN THE DENTINE OF IN-GROUP TETRAODONTIFORMES (NEOPTERYGII; EUPERCARIA) 5 8 O DONTOBLASTS MIGRATE TO REPAIR BONE DAMAGE IN HETEROSTRACI D ENTINE TUBERCLES RENEWED AND REGENERATED BY ODONTOBLASTS MAKING ORTHODENTINE INFLLS 5 8 2 R ESPONSE OF ODONTOBLASTS TO MASSIVE DAMAGE FROM A WOUND TO THE ARMOUR 5 9 DISCUSSION INTERPRETATIONS OF THE ODONTOBLAST REPERTOIRE SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF AMNIOTE TOOTH ATTACHMENT AND THE PATH FORWARD TO ESTABLISHING VERTEBRATE PERIODONTAL TISSUE HOMOLOGY 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 DESCRIBING DENTITIONS: TOOTH IMPLANTATION AND ATTACHMENT ARE DIFFERENT 6 3 WHAT DO WE CALL THE ATTACHMENT TISSUES IN NONMAMMALIAN AMNIOTES? 6 4 PROBLEMATIC TISSUES AND STRUCTURES 6 5 ANKYLOSIS, GOMPHOSIS, AND THE VARIABLY MINERALIZED PDL: LESSONS FROM SYNAPSIDS AND ARCHOSAURS 6 6 HETEROCHRONY AND AMNIOTE TOOTH ATTACHMENT TISSUE EVOLUTION 6 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND HERS, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH TOOTH IMPLANTATION 6 8 CO-OPTING CEMENTUM: MORE SHIFTS IN DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING TO PRODUCE COMPLEX AND CONTINUALLY ERUPTING TEETH 6 9 T HE PATH FORWARD: WHAT DO WE CALL THE ATTACHMENT TISSUES IN OTHER VERTEBRATES? INITIATION AND PERIODIC PATTERNING OF VERTEBRATE DENTITIONS INTRODUCING THE PATTERNED DENTITIONS 7 2 R EACTION–DIFFUSION MECHANISMS AND PERIODIC PATTERNING OF SKIN DERIVATIVES BASICS OF REACTION–DIFFUSION MECHANISMS REACTION–DIFFUSION MECHANISMS IN PATTERNING THE MAMMALIAN HAIR FOLLICLES PATTERNING THE BIRD PLUMAGE: TURING WITH AND WITHOUT A WAVE FROM BODY COVERS TO DENTITIONS 7 3 R EACTION–DIFFUSION MECHANISMS AND PERIODIC PATTERNING OF TEETH SPECIFCATION OF THE REGION COMMITTED FOR TOOTH DEVELOPMENT SPECIFCATION OF TOOTH COMPETENCE IN THE MOUSE SPECIFCATION OF TOOTH COMPETENCE IN RAY-FNNED FISHES H OW TO INITIATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DENTITION: THE ROLE OF THE INITIATOR TOOTH THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF MAMMALIAN DENTITION PATTERNING P ERIODIC PATTERN GENERATORS AS ASSEMBLERS OF MULTIROWED DENTITIONS DENTAL STEM CELLS AS THE SOURCE OF PATTERNED REPLACING DENTITIONS 7 4 PROSPECTS AND IDEAS FOR PERIODIC TOOTH PATTERNING MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR PERIODIC TOOTH PATTERNING I DENTIFCATION OF MOLECULAR PLAYERS IN THE REACTION–DIFFUSION MECHANISMS THE ORIGIN OF TOOTH CLASSES IN MAMMALS IS THE FIRST TOOTH ALWAYS NON-FUNCTIONAL? INTEGRATING TURING PATTERNS WITH OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS 7 5 CONCLUSION THE SELECTED DEVIATION: THE ACQUISITION OF IN-SITU TOOTH REPLACEMENT BY CREATING A GAP TO FILL 8 1 INTRODUCTION DID IN-SITU TOOTH REPLACEMENT EVOLVE DE NOVO? IS ALTERNATION A TRUE PATTERN OF DENTAL DEVELOPMENT? 8 2 PROCESS COMPONENTS OF ODONTODE ONTOGENY IDENTICAL DIRECTION OF TOOTH ADDITION AND BONE GROWTH 8 2 2 DIFFERENTIAL TIMING BETWEEN TOOTH ADDITION AND BONE GROWTH 8 2 3 GAP-FILLING AUTONOMY DURING THE INITIATION OF TOOTH POSITION 8 2 4 CYCLIC IN-SITU TOOTH REPLACEMENT AS A MODIFCATION OF COLUMNAR SUCCESSION 8 2 5 THE DEPOSITION OF REPLACEMENT TEETH REQUIRES A GAP TO BE FILLED 8 3 DISCUSSION CHEMICAL SIGNALS OF ACTIVATION OR INHIBITION 8 3 2 DENTAL LAMINA AND SOX2 8 3 3 ODONTOGENIC GENE REGULATORY NETWORK CLOSE PACKING OF ODONTODES COUPLED WITH SPACE CONSTRAINT OF SKELETON 8 4 CONCLUSION COMPLEXITY, NETWORKING, AND MANY-MODEL THINKING ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATTERNING, VARIATION, AND INTERACTIONS OF HUMAN TEETH AND DENTAL ARCHES BACKGROUND INVESTIGATING VARIATION USING ADVANCES IN METHODOLOGY AND CONCEPTS 9 3 THE DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS FOR VARIATION PROCESS FACTORS INTERACTIONS PATTERNING 9 4 VARIATION IN TOOTH NUMBER, SIZE, AND SHAPE PREVALENCE 9 5 DENTAL ARCHES DEVELOPMENT 9 6 RELATIONSHIP AND COORDINATION OF TOOTH AND DENTAL ARCH DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP COORDINATION EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OF TOOTH NUMBER, SIZE, AND SHAPE ON DENTAL ARCHES 9 8 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS 9 9 COMPLEXITY, NETWORKS, AND MULTIPLE MODELS ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DEVELOPMENT COMPLEXITY AND NETWORKS MULTIPLE MODELS