ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY: PLANT, ANIMAL, HUMAN
CONTENTS PART I INSTRUMENTS BOD (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OR BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) INCUBATOR LAMINAR AIR FLOW/BIOSAFETY CABINETS ASEPTIC HOOD AUTOCLAVE HOT AIR OVEN DEEP FREEZER (20 C) (LOW-TEMPERATURE CABINET) REFRIGERATOR COMPOUND MICROSCOPE DIGITAL COLONY COUNTER DIGITAL TURBIDITY METER DIGITAL NEPHELOMETER DIGITAL PHOTOCOLORIMETER DIGITAL UV/VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETER POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ELISA READER SONICATOR PART II MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ENZYME ASSAY: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE 1 QUALITATIVE ENZYME ASSAYS 2 QUANTITATIVE ENZYME ASSAY ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY ASSAY 1 PROCEDURE 2 PROCEDURE EXTRACTION OF DNA FROM PLANT CELLS 1 FROM ONION 2 FROM SPINACH AND CAULI?OWER EXTRACTION OF DNA FROM ANIMAL CELLS 1 FROM BLOOD [USING PHENOL EXTRACTION METHOD] 2 FROM BLOOD [USING ISOPROPANOL PRECIPITATION] 3 FROM MOUSE LIVER 4 FROM PIG SPLEEN EXTRACTION OF DNA AND RNA FROM MICROORGANISM 1 FROM BACTERIA 2 FROM YEAST CELLS ESTIMATION OF DNA BY DIPHENYLAMINE REACTION ESTIMATION OF RNA USING ORCINOL METHOD DETERMINATION OF MELTING TEMPERATURE OF DNA QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF DNA AND RNA (IL-1 AND IL-2) QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TNF ALPHA AND INTERLEUKIN-6 PART III MICROBIOLOGY STERILIZATION OF GLASSWARE; PREPARATION AND STERILIZATION OF MEDIA SUB-CULTURING OF BACTERIA, FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETES PRESERVATION OF MICROORGANISMS: STABS, SLANTS, LYOPHILIZATION AND CRYOPRESERVATION STAINING METHODS – SIMPLE STAINING, NEGATIVE STAINING, GRAM’S STAINING AND ACID-FAST STAINING ISOLATION OF COPROPHILOUS FUNGI (MOIST CHAMBER METHOD) ISOLATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM AIR MOTILITY TESTING – HANGING DROP METHOD AND STAB STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS 1 METHOD B: DIRECT INOCULATION PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER TO PERFORM BIOCHEMICAL IDENTI?CATION OF MICROORGANISM: IMVIC (OXIDATIVE FERMENTATION AND CARBOHYDRATE SOURCE UTILIZATION) TO PERFORM BIOCHEMICAL IDENTI?CATION OF MICROORGANISM BY NITROGEN SOURCE UTILIZATION OR UREASE TEST IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES AND MICROORGANISMS 1 ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL 2 ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION IN ALGINATE GEL 3 ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION IN GELATIN GEL 4 CELL IMMOBILIZATION IN AGAROSE 5 IMMOBILIZATION OF MICROBIAL CELLS IN GELATIN PART IV BIOCHEMISTRY QUALITATIVE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES (GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, LACTOSE, MALTOSE, SUCROSE AND STARCH) MOLISCH’S TEST (?-NAPHTHOL REACTION) BENEDICT’S TEST FEHLING’S TEST IODINE TEST NYLANDER’S TEST (BISMUTH REDUCTION TEST) COLE’S TEST REDUCTION OF METHYLENE BLUE TEST BARFOED’S TEST: REDUCING MONOSACCHARIDE BIAL’S TEST FOR PENTOSE 10 SELIWANOFF’S TEST 11 HYDROLYSIS OF SUCROSE 12 METHYLAMINE TEST FOR LACTOSE 13 OSAZONE TEST PROTEIN ANALYSIS IN FOOD 1 KJELDAHL METHOD 2 DUMAS (NITROGEN COMBUSTION) 3 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 4 COLORIMETRIC METHODS 5 DYE-BINDING METHODS 5 1 ANIONIC DYE-BINDING METHOD 5 2 BRADFORD DYE-BINDING METHOD 6 COPPER ION-BASED METHODS 6 1 BIURET METHOD 6 2 LOWRY METHOD 6 3 BICINCHONINIC ACID METHOD 7 ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION AT 280 NM 8 PEPTIDE MEASUREMENT AT 190–220 NM IDENTI?CATION TESTS FOR PROTEINS (CASEIN AND ALBUMIN) QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF REDUCING SUGARS BY 3, 5-DINITROSALICYLIC ACID (DNSA METHOD) QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS BY VARIOUS METHODS INCLUDING BIURET 1 OTHER METHODS 1 1 BRADFORD METHOD 1 2 LOWRY METHOD 1 3 PROTEIN PRECIPITATION QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINE FOR ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URINE TO DETECT ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS 3 BENEDICT’S TEST 4 TAUBER’S TEST FOR DETECTION OF ALDOPENTOSES IN URINE SAMPLES 5 BIAL’S TEST FOR DETECTION OF PENTOSES IN URINE SAMPLES 6 SELIWANOFF’S TEST FOR DETECTION OF D-FRUCTOSE IN URINE SAMPLES 7 MUCIC ACID TEST FOR ANALYSIS OF LACTOSE OR GALACTOSE 8 DETECTION OF ACETONE BODIES USING ROTHERA’S NITROPRUSSIDE TEST 9 ESTIMATION OF ACETOACETIC ACID BY GERHARDT’S TEST 10 ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS IN URINE SAMPLE BY SULFOSALICYLIC ACID TEST 11 ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS IN URINE SAMPLE BY BENCE JONES PROTEIN 12 DETERMINATION OF BILE PIGMENTS BY HARRISON SPOT TEST 13 SCHLESINGER’S TEST FOR UROBILINOGEN 14 DETECTION OF BILE SALTS IN URINE BY PETTENKOFER’S TEST 15 DETECTION OF OCCULT BLOOD IN URINE DETERMINATION OF BLOOD CREATININE 1 SERUM CREATININE TEST (JAFFE’S TEST) DETERMINATION OF BLOOD SUGAR 1 FOLIN-WU METHOD 2 GLUCOSE OXIDASE METHOD TO PERFORM ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST DETERMINATION OF SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL 1 ENZYMATIC COLORIMETRIC METHOD 2 SACKETT’S METHOD 3 ZAK’S METHOD PREPARATION OF BUFFER SOLUTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PH STUDY OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF STARCH DETERMINATION OF SALIVARY AMYLASE ACTIVITY STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SALIVARY AMYLASE ACTIVITY STUDY THE EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON SALIVARY AMYLASE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF BUTTER ANALYSIS OF MILK THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARBOHYDRATES THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AMINO ACID PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AMINO ACID PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARBOHYDRATES FAT CHARACTERIZATION 1 METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF FATS 1 1 MELTING POINT 1 2 IODINE VALUE 1 3 SAPONI?CATION VALUE 1 4 PEROXIDE VALUE 2 METHODS FOR LIPID COMPONENTS 2 1 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS (FAMES) 2 2 CHOLESTEROL AND PHYTOSTEROLS ANALYSIS OF BREAD