CHEMICAL MUTAGENS
1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 11 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THIS BOOK 5 12 THE LAYOUT 2 SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 7 21 SYNOPSIS 7 22 INSTRUMENTS FOR OBSERVING THE SUN 7 221 MEASURING THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE 8 222 THERE IS MORE THAN TOTAL IRRADIANCE 8 223 SPECTROGRAPHY AND POLARISATION 10 23 THE HISTORY OF SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 12 231 THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD OBSERVATIONS 14 232 CRITERIA FOR GOOD OBSERVATIONS 14 24 PALACO RECORDS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY 17 241 ISOTOPIC RECORDS 17 242 GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS 24 25 SPACE-BORNE SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 25 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUN 31 SYNOPSIS 32 THE SUN AS A STAR 29 321 SOLAR SIZE AND MASS 30 322 THE SOLAR ROTATION 31 323 THE SOLAR MATERIAL 31 324 THE SUN'S CORE 34 325 THE PHOTOSPHERE 38 326 THE CHROMOSPHERE 38 327 THE CORONA 39 328 THE SOLAR WIND 40 40 41 4 SOLAR ACTIVITY 33 THE GENERAL SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD 331 THE DECAY OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 332 THE GEOMAGNETIC-BASED SOLAR MODEL 45 41 SYNOPSIS 45 42 THE UMBRA 48 43 THE PENUMBRA 49 44 SUNSPOT GROUPS 50 441 SUNSPOT BRIGHTNESS AND TEMPERATURE 53 45 SUNSPOT MODELS 451 DYNAMO ACTION AND MAGNETISM 54 452 CONVECTIVE AND HYDRODYNAMICAL SUNSPOT MODELS 58 453 MAGNETIC COOLING MODELS 60 46 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND PREFERRED TIMESCALES 54 58 60 461 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE SUNSPOT CYCLE 64 462 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 62 463 WAVELET ANALYSIS 464 COMPARISON BETWEEN PREFERRED TIMESCALES 68 69 47 SUNSPOT GROUPS AND THEIR MAGNETIC FIELD 70 471 ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY 70 472 OBSERVED EAST-WEST ASYMMETRY IN SUNSPOT STATISTICS 72 48 THE SUNSPOT CYCLE AND TOTAL RADIANCE 483 PREDICTION OF SUNSPOTS 74 481 SUNSPOTS AND THE SOLAR IRRADIATION 75 83 482 SUNSPOT-IRRADIANCE MODELS 86 49 FLARES, PROMINENCES, FACULAE, AND CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 86 491 FLARES 86 492 PROMINENCES 86 493 FACULAE 87 494 CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 87 5 EARTH'S CLIMATE 495 SOLAR BRIGHTENING, SUNSPOTS AND FACULAE 89 51 SYNOPSIS 52 THE OBSERVATION OF EARTH'S CLIMATE 91 521 INSTRUMENTAL DATA 91 522 UPPER AIR DATA 99 523 EARTH-OBSERVING SATELLITES AND SPACE-BORNE UV MEASUREMENTS 99 524 OBSERVATION OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 106 525 PALACO DATA "PROXY DATA" 106 526 CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS 109 53 BASIC CLIMATE PHYSICS 110 531 MASS CONSERVATION 110 532 ENERGY CONSERVATION 111 533 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION 114 534 EFFECTS OF EARTH'S ROTATION 115 535 CHARGE CONSERVATION 116 54 EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET 117 541 VARIATIONS IN SOLAR OUTPUT AND TERRESTRIAL TEMPERATURE 117 542 VARIATION IN INSOLATION 119 543 THE NATURAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT 120 55 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF EARTH'S CLIMATE 122 551 THE ATMOSPHERE 122 552 THE OCEANS 130 553 THE CRYOSPHERE 135 554 THE BIOSPHERE 139 56 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 140 561 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN FEEDBACK 141 562 WATER VAPOUR FEEDBACK 142 563 ICE- AND SNOW-ALBEDO FEEDBACK 143 564 CLOUD FEEDBACK 144 565 BIOCHEMICAL FEEDBACK 145 145 57 THE OTHER PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 571 THE SIGNATURE OF SOLAR VARIABILITY FROM OTHER PLANETS 145 6 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE STRATOSPHERE 149 61 SYNOPSIS 149 62 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND UV EMISSION 150 63 THE ROLE OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 151 631 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 151 64 THE "OZONE HOLE" 153 641 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 153 65 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE QBO AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 157 651 INTRODUCTION 157 652 SUNSPOTS AND THE QBO 157 66 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE AO AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 159 661 INTRODUCTION 159