MARINE INVERTEBRATE FISHERIES: RESTOCKING AND ENHANCEMENT
1 INTRODUCTION 2 RESTOCKING INITIATIVES 2 1 GIANT CLAMS 2 1 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR RESTOCKING 2 1 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 2 1 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 2 1 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 2 1 5 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 2 1 6 DISEASE RISKS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 2 1 7 STATUS OF RESTOCKING INITIATIVES 2 1 8 PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME 2 1 9 MANAGEMENT 2 1 10 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 2 TOPSHELL 2 2 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR RESTOCKING 2 2 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 2 2 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 2 2 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 2 2 5 USE OF ARTI?CIAL HABITAT 2 2 6 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 2 2 7 DISEASE RISKS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 2 2 8 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 2 2 9 STATUS OF RESTOCKING INITIATIVES 2 2 10 MANAGEMENT 2 2 11 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 3 SEA CUCUMBERS 2 3 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR RESTOCKING 2 3 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 2 3 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 2 3 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 2 3 5 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 2 3 6 DISEASE RISKS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 2 3 7 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 2 3 8 STATUS OF RESTOCKING INITIATIVES 2 3 9 MANAGEMENT 2 3 10 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 3 11 STOCK ENHANCEMENT, FARMING AND SEA RANCHING OF APOSTICHOPUS JAPONICUS 3 STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 1 SCALLOPS 3 1 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 1 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 1 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 1 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 1 5 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 1 6 DISEASE RISKS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 3 1 7 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 1 8 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 1 9 MANAGEMENT 3 1 10 MARKETING 3 1 11 PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME 3 1 12 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 2 OTHER BIVALVES 3 2 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 2 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 2 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 2 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 2 5 USE OF ARTI?CIAL HABITATS 3 2 6 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 2 7 DISEASE RISKS 3 2 8 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 2 9 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 2 10 MANAGEMENT 3 2 11 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 3 ABALONE 3 3 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 3 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 3 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 3 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 3 5 USE OF ARTI?CIAL HABITAT 3 3 6 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 3 7 DISEASES 3 3 8 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 3 9 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 3 10 MANAGEMENT 3 3 11 PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME 3 3 12 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 4 QUEEN CONCH 3 4 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 4 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 4 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 4 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 4 5 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 4 6 DISEASE RISKS 3 4 7 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 4 8 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 4 9 MANAGEMENT 3 4 10 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 5 SHRIMP 3 5 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 5 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 5 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 5 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 5 5 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 5 6 DISEASE RISKS 3 5 7 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 5 8 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 5 9 MANAGEMENT 3 5 10 MARKETING 3 5 11 PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME 3 5 12 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 6 SPINY LOBSTERS 3 6 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 6 2 STOCK ENHANCEMENT-RELATED RESEARCH 3 6 3 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 6 4 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 6 5 DISEASE RISKS 3 6 6 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 7 LOBSTERS 3 7 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 7 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 7 3 DEFECTS CAUSED BY REARING 3 7 4 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 7 5 USE OF ARTI?CIAL HABITAT 3 7 6 MINIMISING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 7 7 DISEASE RISKS 3 7 8 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 7 9 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 7 10 MANAGEMENT 3 7 11 PROBLEMS TO OVERCOME 3 7 12 FUTURE RESEARCH 3 8 SEA URCHINS 3 8 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 3 8 2 SUPPLY OF JUVENILES 3 8 3 RELEASE STRATEGIES 3 8 4 USE OF ARTI?CIAL HABITAT 3 8 5 ENHANCEMENT OF ROE 3 8 6 MINIMIZING GENETIC IMPACTS 3 8 7 DISEASE RISKS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 3 8 8 SYSTEMS FOR MARKING JUVENILES TO ASSESS EVECTIVENESS OF RELEASES 3 8 9 STATUS OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 3 8 10 MANAGEMENT 3 8 11 FUTURE RESEARCH 4 OVERVIEW AND PROGRESS TOWARDS A RESPONSIBLE APPROACH 4 1 RESTOCKING INITIATIVES 4 1 1 GENERAL TRENDS 4 1 2 PROGRESS TOWARDS A RESPONSIBLE APPROACH FOR RESTOCKING 4 2 STOCK ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES 4 2 1 GENERAL TRENDS 4 2 2 PROGRESS TOWARDS A RESPONSIBLE APPROACH TO STOCK ENHANCEMENT 5 LESSONS LEARNED 5 1 LESSONS FOR RESTOCKING 5 2 LESSONS FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 5 3 LESSONS FOR BOTH RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT 6 MANAGEMENT OF RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES 6 1 INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE NEED FOR RESTOCKING 6 1 1 STOCK DELINEATION 6 1 2 TIME FRAMES FOR RECOVERY WITH AND WITHOUT RESTOCKING 6 1 3 CAPACITY OF HATCHERIES TO PRODUCE SUYCIENT JUVENILES 6 2 MANAGEMENT OF RESTOCKING 6 3 INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE NEED FOR STOCK ENHANCEMENT 6 4 MANAGEMENT OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT 6 4 1 ESTIMATING HOW MANY JUVENILES TO RELEASE 6 4 2 INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY FURTHER THROUGH MANIPULATIONS OF THE ECOSYSTEM 6 4 3 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF ENHANCED ?SHERIES 6 5 MEASURES TO OPTIMISE SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL BENE?TS OF RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT 6 6 INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENTS 7 OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR ALL INITIATIVES 7 1 MEASURING SUCCESS 7 1 1 AVAILABILITY OF TAGS FOR MARINE INVERTEBRATES 7 1 2 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A TAG 7 1 3 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES 7 2 GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS 7 2 1 MEASURING GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE 7 2 2 PATTERNS OF GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE IN MARINE INVERTEBRATES 7 2 3 GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE IN MARINE INVERTEBRATES TARGETED FOR RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT 7 2 4 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES 7 2 5 HATCHERY PROTOCOLS TO MAINTAIN GENETIC DIVERSITY 7 2 6 GENETIC IMPACTS OF RESTOCKING AND STOCK ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES 7 3 DISEASE RISKS 7 4 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 8 CONCLUSIONS 8 1 ACHIEVEMENTS 8 2 THE RESPONSIBLE APPROACH 8 3 THE WAY FORWARD 8 4 FUTURE RESEARCH 8 5 SUMMARY REMARKS REFERENCES APPENDIX TAXONOMIC INDEX SUBJECT INDEX SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST TEN YEARS