A HANDBOOK ON ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
CONTENTS SETTING THE SCENE: THE CONTINUED DRIVE TO IMPROVE ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHALLENGES OF ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING 3 ANIMALS IN ORGANIC FARMING 4 ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE 5 ORGANIC SMALLHOLDER FARMING IN THE TROPICS 6 SPECIFIC ISSUES ADDRESSED FOR EACH ANIMAL SPECIES 7 ORGANIC AQUACULTURE 8 ORGANIC BEE KEEPING 9 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES PART 1 CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING THE PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC LIVESTOCK FARMING 2 FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC LIVESTOCK FARMING 3 IMPLEMENTING PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC LIVESTOCK FARMING 4 THE FUTURE OF ORGANIC PRINCIPLES IN LIVESTOCK FARMING 5 CONCLUSION 6 WHERE TO LOOK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 7 REFERENCES THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MANAGEMENT ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 2 STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ORGANIC FARMING 3 EXAMPLES OF INNOVATION IN PRACTICE: LIVESTOCK FARMERS PROGRESSING TOWARDS GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION 4 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 WHERE TO LOOK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 8 REFERENCES RETHINKING AND ENGAGING WITH ANIMAL HEALTH IN ORGANIC FARMING 2 ANIMAL HEALTH AS A DYNAMIC AND HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF RESILIENCE 3 HOW CAN WE ENSURE ANIMAL HEALTH IN PRACTICE? 4 ‘ONE HEALTH’ IN ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING? 5 ENGAGING IN HEALTH PROMOTION AND CARE IN ORGANIC ANIMAL HERDS 6 CONCLUSION ENHANCING NATURALNESS AND HUMAN CARE IN ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING 2 PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS OF ORGANIC FARMING 3 NATURALNESS 4 MUTILATIONS AND FARMING SYSTEMS 5 MEASURING WELFARE 6 HUMAN CARE 7 FUTURE TRENDS 8 WHERE TO LOOK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 9 REFERENCES BIOSECURITY AND SAFETY FOR HUMANS AND ANIMALS IN ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING 2 THE CHALLENGES OF BIOSECURITY RISK IN ORGANIC FARMING 3 FOOD SAFETY SUMMARY 4 CONTROLLING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS 6 CASE STUDIES INTEGRATED CROP–LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS WITH AGROFORESTRY TO IMPROVE ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING 2 TYPES OF ICLS 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ICLS 4 AGROFORESTRY AS AN ICLS 5 ANIMALS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 6 TREES AS A SOURCE OF NUTRITION AND MEDICINE 7 CHALLENGES IN INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK AND FORESTRY SYSTEMS 8 CONCLUSION 9 WHERE TO LOOK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION SMALLHOLDER INTEGRATED ORGANIC FARMING: HOW CAN IT WORK IN THE TROPICS? 2 OVERVIEW OF TROPICAL ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND ORGANIC AND SMALLHOLDER FARMING 3 ORGANIC STANDARDS FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN THE TROPICS 4 CHALLENGES FACED BY TROPICAL ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMERS PASTORALISM AND ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING: ARE THEY COMPLEMENTARY? 2 PASTORAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 3 COMPARING PASTORALISM WITH COMMERCIAL RANCHING 4 BREEDS AND BREEDING STRATEGIES 5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ANIMAL HEALTH PROMOTION 6 DOES PASTORALISM PROVIDE GOOD ANIMAL WELFARE? 7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 8 IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY 9 CONCLUSION 10 WHERE TO LOOK FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 11 REFERENCES PART 2 FARMING OF PARTICULAR SPECIES 10 ORGANIC DAIRY FARMING: KEY CHARACTERISTICS, OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 2 PRODUCTION, BREEDS AND BREEDING GOALS 3 ISSUES SURROUNDING ORGANIC DAIRY FARMING 4 HOT TOPICS IN ORGANIC DAIRY FARMING 5 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION 6 REFERENCES 11 ORGANIC DAIRY FARMING: TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY 2 LOCAL AND GLOBAL FEED EFFICIENCY AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY 3 TOWARDS SOLUTIONS 1: LONGEVITY AND INTEGRATED DAIRY AND BEEF PRODUCTION 4 TOWARDS SOLUTIONS 2: DEVELOPING ROUGHAGE-BASED FEEDING STRATEGIES 5 TOWARDS SOLUTIONS 3: ORGANIC DAIRY BREEDING 6 TOWARDS SOLUTIONS 4: APPROACHING ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE 7 RESEARCH INTO SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC DAIRY PRODUCTION 8 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION 12 ORGANIC BEEF FARMING: KEY CHARACTERISTICS, OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 2 THE WHOLE FARMING SYSTEM 3 CHALLENGES OF ORGANIC BEEF FARMING 4 ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC BEEF FARMING 5 OPPORTUNITIES IN ORGANIC BEEF FARMING 6 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION 13 ORGANIC SHEEP AND GOAT FARMING: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 2 SHEEP AND GOATS AS SPECIES 3 ORGANIC SHEEP AND GOAT FARMING IN EUROPE 4 KEY CHALLENGES IN ORGANIC SHEEP AND GOAT FARMING 5 KEY CHALLENGES: NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES 6 KEY CHALLENGES: PARASITIC DISEASES 7 KEY CHALLENGES: UDDER DISEASES, LAMENESS, CLAW AND LEG PROBLEMS 14 ORGANIC PIG FARMING: KEY CHARACTERISTICS, OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 2 HOUSING SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS 3 THE NEED FOR SUITABLE ORGANIC FEEDING 4 THREATS TO PIG HEALTH UNDER ORGANIC HOUSING CONDITIONS: CAUSES AND PREVENTION 5 ORGANIC BREEDING GOALS 6 ENTIRE MALES: OPPORTUNITY OR THREAT? 7 CASE STUDY: POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES OR ADDITIONS IN PIG FEEDING 8 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION AND DISSEMINATION TO PROMOTE IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 15 ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 2 ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING 3 IMPROVING ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING: POULTRY AS PART OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND CYCLES 4 IMPROVING ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING: THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, NATURALNESS AND CARE 5 IMPROVING ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING: HEALTH AND DISEASE 6 IMPROVING ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING: FAIRNESS AND GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE 7 FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSION 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC AQUACULTURE 2 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AQUACULTURE 3 ORGANIC AQUACULTURE: RULES AND REGULATION 4 THE CONCEPT OF TROPHIC LEVELS 5 HISTORY OF ORGANIC AQUACULTURE 6 SPECIES PRODUCED AND VOLUMES 7 CULTURE AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIC AQUACULTURE 17 ORGANIC AND NATURAL BEEKEEPING, AND CARING FOR INSECT POLLINATORS 2 THE NEED FOR POLLINATORS 3 ENCOURAGING INDIGENOUS POLLINATORS 4 MANAGEMENT OF BEES 5 MANAGEMENT OF HONEY BEES 6 MANAGEMENT OF BUMBLEBEES 7 CONCLUSION PART 3 THE FUTURE 18 IMPROVING ORGANIC ANIMAL FARMING FOR THE FUTURE 2 DIVERSITY AS A KEY TO THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING 3 INTEGRATION AND EFFICIENT UTILISATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES 4 RESILIENCE AS THE CORE OF HEALTH DEVELOPMENT 5 BREEDING AND BREEDS PROVIDING DIVERSITY AND RESILIENCE 6 HUMAN INTERACTIONS AND COMMUNICATION 7 ORGANIC PRINCIPLES AS AN ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT