ELEMENTARY PLANT BIOLOGY
1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT SCIENCE 1 Introduction 1 Overview of Plant Science and Its Importance 2 The History of Plant Science and Its Contributions to Human Civilization 3 Basic Principles of Plant Biology: Cells, Tissues, and Organs 11 Summary 16 References 17 2 PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 19 Introduction 19 Plant Cells and their Organelles 20 Plant Tissues and their Functions 28 Photosynthesis and Respiration 37 Summary 43 References 44 3 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 45 Introduction 45 Plant Hormones and their Functions 46 CONTENTS iv Types of Plant Hormones and Their Functions 48 Plant Growth and Development 54 Plant Propagation: Sexual and Asexual 62 Summary 68 References 68 4 PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING 71 Introduction 71 Plant Genetics 72 DNA Structure and Function in Plants 77 Plant Breeding 81 Summary 90 References 90 5 PLANT TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION 93 Introduction 93 The Classification System of Plants 94 Major Plant Groups: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms 98 Plant Identification: Keys and Classification Systems 108 Summary 114 References 114 6 PLANT ECOLOGY 117 Introduction 117 Introduction to Ecology 118 Organism 121 Population 123 Effect of Abiotic Factors on Plants 126 Influence of Biotic Factors on Plants 132 Succession 136 Vegetation and Vegetation Characteristics 140 Summary 144 References 145 7 PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PROTECTION 147 Introduction 147 Plant Diseases: Symptoms, Causes, and Control Measures 148 Plant Pests and Their Management 155 Plant Protection: Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control 159 Summary 175 References 176 8 PLANT UTILIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 177 Introduction 177 Plant Utilization 178 Sustainable Agriculture 186 Global Issues in Plant Science 194 Summary 198 References 199