BACTERIAL GROWTH AND DIVISION
BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 1 BACTERIAL GROWTH 3 ? INTRODUCTION? 4 ? BACTERIAL?SHAPES? 9 ? BACTERIA?VERSUS?EUKARYOTE?CELLS? 12 ? HABITAT?? 14 ? CARBON?AND?ENERGY?RESOURCE?UTILIZATION? 16 ? LABORATORY?METHODS?TO?STUDY?BACTERIAL?GROWTH? 20 ? GROWTH?MEDIA?FOR?BACTERIAL?CULTURE? 26 ? BACTERIA?PLAY?IMPORTANT?ROLES?IN?THE?GLOBAL?ECOSYSTEM? AND?HUMAN?HEALTH? 28 ? REFERENCES? 29 CHAPTER 2 BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION 35 ? INTRODUCTION? 36 ? TYPES?OF?BACTERIA?REPRODUCTION? 37 ? FUTURE?PERSPECTIVES? 45 ? REFERENCES? 46 CHAPTER 3 BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION 49 ? INTRODUCTION? 50 ? CYTOKINESIS? 53 ? CELL?DIVISION?GENES?AND?THEIR?REGULATION? 56 ? STOICHIOMETRY?OF?THE?CELL?DIVISION?PROTEINS? 57 ? BIOCHEMICAL?PROPERTIES?OF?CELL?DIVISION?PROTEINS? 58 TABLE OF CONTENT MECHANISM?OF?BACTERIAL?CELL?SEPTATION? 68 ? REFERENCES?? 79 CHAPTER 4 BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION 101 ? INTRODUCTION? 102 ? NUCLEOID?ORGANIZATION?? 102 ? CHROMOSOME?ORIENTATION? 104 ? CHROMOSOME?SEGREGATION? 112 ? PASSIVE?SEGREGATION?MECHANISM? 114 ? ACTIVE?SEGREGATION? 114 ? WHAT?THE?FUTURE?HOLDS? 115 ? REFERENCES? 116 CHAPTER 5 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION IN BACTERIA 125 ? INTRODUCTION ?SPATIAL?ORGANIZATION?IN?BACTERIA? 125 ? CELL?POLARITY? 126 ? ORGANIZATION?OF?BACTERIAL?MOTILITY?SYSTEM? 131 ? CHEMOTAXIS?ORGANIZATION? 134 ? PEPTIDOGLYCAN?SYNTHESIS? 136 ? FUTURE?PROSPECTS? 140 ? REFERENCE? 141 BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY II CHAPTER 6 BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY BIOFILM QUORUM SENSING CHEMOTAXIS 149 ? HISTORY? 149 ? WHY?ARE?BIOFILMS?FORMED ? 150 ? STRUCTURE?OF?BIOFILMS? 151 ? FORMATION?OF?BIOFILMS? 154 ? SIGNALING?IN?BIOFILMS? 158 ? BIOFILMS?IN?HUMAN?HEALTH? 159 ? QUORUM?SENSING? QS ? 160 ? CHEMOTAXIS?IN?BACTERIA? 163 ? CONCLUSION? 164 ? REFERENCES? 164 CHAPTER 7 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN BACTERIAL PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 167 ? ABSTRACT? 167 ? INTRODUCTION? 168 ? PCD?REGULATED?BY?TOXIN?AND?ANTITOXIN?SYSTEMS? 168 ? PCD?RELATED?TO?BACTERIAL?BIOFILM? 174 ? THE?POSSIBLE?ROLES?OF?CHROMOSOMAL?TA?SYSTEMS? 177 ? PERSPECTIVES? 178 ? ACKNOWLEDGMENT? 179 ? REFERENCES? 179 CHAPTER 8 TOXINS OF PROKARYOTIC TOXIN ANTITOXIN SYSTEMS WITH SEQUENCE SPECIFIC ENDORIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY 193 ? ABSTRACT? 193 ? INTRODUCTION? 194 ? FAMILIES?OF?SEQUENCE SPECIFIC?ENDORIBONUCLEASE?TA?TOXINS? 200 ? PHYSIOLOGICAL?ROLES? 208 ? NETWORK?OF?TA?SYSTEMS? 217 ? REMARKS? 219 ? REFERENCES? 219 CHAPTER 9 PHENOTYPIC RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS 237 ? ABSTRACT? 237 ? INTRODUCTION? 238 ? DRUG?INDIFFERENCE? 239 ? BIOFILMS? 242 ? TRANSIENT?CHANGES?IN?BACTERIAL?PERMEABILITY?TO?ANTIBIOTICS? 243 ? INOCULUM?SIZE?AND?PHENOTYPIC?RESISTANCE? 248 ? PERSISTENCE? 248 ? CONCLUDING?REMARKS? 250 ? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS? 251 ? REFERENCES?AND?NOTES? 251 CHAPTER 10 SLOW AND STEADY WINS THE RACE AN EXAMINATION OF BACTERIAL PERSISTENCE 267 ? ABSTRACT? 267 ? THE?DISCOVERY?OF?BACTERIAL?PERSISTENCE?? 268 DISTINGUISHING?BACTERIAL?PERSISTENCE?FROM?RESISTANCE?? 269 ? DIFFERENTIATION?INTO?A?PERSISTER?CELL?AND?QUANTIFYING?PERSISTERS?? 270 ? FACTORS?AFFECTING?PERSISTER?FORMATION?? 272 ? CELLULAR?SIGNALING?MECHANISMS?CONTRIBUTING?TO?PERSISTER?FORMATION?? 274 ? FUTURE?OUTLOOKS?? 281 ? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS?? 281 ? REFERENCES?? 281 BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY I 1