MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HUMAN CANCERS
1 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CANCER PROBLEM 1 2 CAUSES OF CANCER BOX 1 1 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES 1 3 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF CANCERS AND CANCER CELLS BOX 1 2: HALLMARKS OF CANCER 1 4 CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CANCERS IN THE CLINIC 1 5 TREATMENT OF CANCER FURTHER READING 2 TUMOR GENETICS 2 1 CANCER AS A GENETIC DISEASE 2 2 GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CANCER CELLS 2 3 INHERITED PREDISPOSITION TO CANCER 2 4 CANCER GENES 2 5 ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS BOX 2 1 TUMOR VIRUSES IN HUMAN CANCERS 3 DNA DAMAGE AND DNA REPAIR 3 1 DNA DAMAGE DURING REPLICATION: BASE EXCISION AND NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR 3 2 NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR AND CROSSLINK REPAIR 3 3 STRAND-BREAK REPAIR 3 4 DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR AND CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY 3 5 CELL PROTECTION MECHANISMS IN CANCER 4 ONCOGENES 4 1 RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES 4 2 SLOW-ACTING TRANSFORMING RETROVIRUSES 4 3 APPROACHES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN ONCOGENES 4 4 FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN ONCOGENES BOX 4 1 CARCINOGENESIS BY HTLV-I 5 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES 5 1 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN HEREDITARY CANCERS 5 2 RB1 AND THE CELL CYCLE 5 3 TP53 AS A DIFFERENT KIND OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR 5 4 CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BOX 5 1 HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUSES 6 CANCER PATHWAYS 6 1 CANCER PATHWAYS 6 2 MAPK SIGNALING AS A CANCER PATHWAY 6 3 THE PI3K PATHWAY 6 4 REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE BY THE MAPK AND PI3K PATHWAYS 6 5 MODULATORS OF THE MAPK AND PI3K PATHWAYS 6 6 THE TP53 NETWORK 6 7 SIGNALING BY TGFE F FACTORS E 6 8 SIGNALING THROUGH STAT FACTORS 6 9 THE NFN F B PATHWAY N 6 10 DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATORY SYSTEMS AS CANCER PATHWAYS 7 APOPTOSIS AND REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE IN CANCER 7 1 LIMITS TO CELL PROLIFERATION 7 2 MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS 7 3 MECHANISMS OF DIMINISHED APOPTOSIS IN CANCER 7 4 REPLICATIVE SENESCENCE AND ITS DISTURBANCES IN HUMAN CANCERS BOX 7 1: HUMAN AGING AND CANCER 8 CANCER EPIGENETICS 8 1 MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE 8 2 IMPRINTING AND X-INACTIVATION 8 3 DNA METHYLATION 8 4 CHROMATIN STRUCTURE 8 5 EPIGENETICS OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION 8 6 EPIGENETICS OF TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS BOX 8 1 CARCINOGENESIS BY HIV 9 INVASION AND METASTASIS 9 1 INVASION AND METASTASIS AS MULTISTEP PROCESSES 9 2 GENES AND PROTEINS INVOLVED IN CELL-TO-CELL AND CELL-MATRIX ADHESION 9 3 GENES AND PROTEINS INVOLVED IN EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING DURING TUMOR INVASION 9 4 ANGIOGENESIS 9 5 INTERACTIONS OF INVASIVE TUMORS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 9 6 THE IMPORTANCE OF TUMOR-STROMA INTERACTIONS BOX 9 1 TUMOR HYPOXIA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 10 LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS 10 1 COMMON PROPERTIES OF HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS 10 2 GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS 10 3 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BURKITT LYMPHOMA 10 4 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CML 10 5 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PML 11 WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA) 11 1 HISTOLOGY, ETIOLOGY AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF WILMS TUMORS 11 2 GENETICS OF WILMS TUMORS AND THE WT1 GENE 11 3 EPIGENETICS OF WILMS TUMORS AND THE ‘WT2’ LOCUS 11 4 TOWARDS AN IMPROVED CLASSIFICATION OF WILMS TUMORS 12 CANCERS OF THE SKIN 12 1 CARCINOGENESIS IN THE SKIN 12 2 SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 12 3 BASAL CELL CARCINOMA 12 4 MELANOMA 12 5 TUMOR ANTIGENS 13 COLON CANCER 13 1 NATURAL HISTORY OF COLORECTAL CANCER 13 2 FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI AND THE WNT PATHWAY 13 3 PROGRESSION OF COLON CANCER AND THE MULTI-STEP MODEL OF TUMORIGENESIS 13 4 HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLON CARCINOMA 13 5 GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN COLON CARCINOMA 13 6 INFLAMMATION AND COLON CANCER 14 BLADDER CANCER 14 1 HISTOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF BLADDER CANCER 14 2 MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN INVASIVE BLADDER CANCERS 14 3 MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN PAPILLARY BLADDER CANCERS 14 4 A COMPARISON OF BLADDER CANCER SUBTYPES BOX 14 1: TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CANDIDATES AT 9Q IN BLADDER CANCER 15 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA 15 1 THE DIVERSITY OF RENAL CANCERS 15 2 CYTOGENETICS OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS 15 3 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF INHERITED KIDNEY CANCERS 15 4 VON-HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME AND RENAL CARCINOMA 15 5 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CLEAR CELL RENAL CARCINOMA 15 6 CHEMOTHERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY OF RENAL CARCINOMAS 16 LIVER CANCER 16 1 ETIOLOGY OF LIVER CANCER 16 2 GENETIC CHANGES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 16 3 VIRUSES IN HCC BOX 16 1 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 17 STOMACH CANCER 17 1 ETIOLOGY OF STOMACH CANCER 17 2 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN GASTRIC CANCER 17 3 HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND STOMACH CANCER BOX 17 1: BARRETT ESOPHAGUS AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 18 BREAST CANCER 18 1 BREAST BIOLOGY 18 2 ETIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER 18 3 HEREDITARY BREAST CANCER 18 4 ESTROGEN RECEPTORS AND ERBB PROTEINS IN BREAST CANCER 18 5 CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST CANCERS 19 PROSTATE CANCER 19 1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER 19 2 ANDROGENS IN PROSTATE CANCER 19 3 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF PROSTATE CANCER 19 4 TUMOR-STROMA INTERACTIONS IN PROSTATE CANCER 20 CANCER PREVENTION 20 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF CANCER PREVENTION 20 2 PRIMARY PREVENTION 20 3 CANCER PREVENTION AND DIET 20 4 PREVENTION OF CANCERS IN GROUPS AT HIGH RISK 20 5 PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER BY SCREENING THE AGING MALE POPULATION 20 6 OTHER TYPES OF PREVENTION 21 CANCER DIAGNOSIS 21 1 THE EVOLVING SCOPE OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 21 2 MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS 21 3 MOLECULAR DETECTION OF CARCINOMAS 21 4 MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF CARCINOMAS 21 5 PROSPECTS OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS IN THE AGE OF INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY 22 CANCER THERAPY 22 1 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT CANCER THERAPIES 22 2 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY 22 3 PRINCIPLES OF TARGETED DRUG THERAPY 22 4 EXAMPLES OF NEW TARGET-DIRECTED DRUG THERAPIES 22 5 NEW CONCEPTS IN CANCER THERAPY: IMMUNOTHERAPY 22 6 NEW CONCEPTS IN CANCER THERAPY: GENE THERAPY 22 7 THE FUTURE OF CANCER THERAPY