EXPERIMENTAL POLLINATION: AN OUTLINE OF THE ECOLOGY OF FLOWERS AND INSECTS
CONTENTS 1 MACROEVOLUTION FOR PLANT REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGISTS 2 POLLINATION CRISIS, PLANT SEX SYSTEMS, AND PREDICTING EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN ATTRACTIVENESS 3 EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF “SPECIALIZED” POLLINATOR REWARDS 4 FIG–FIG WASP MUTUALISM: THE FALL OF THE STRICT COSPECIATION PARADIGM? 5 FOSSIL BEES AND THEIR PLANT ASSOCIATES 6 POLLEN EVIDENCE FOR THE POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS 7 POLLINATOR MEDIATED FLORAL DIVERGENCE IN THE ABSENCE OF POLLINATOR SHIFTS 8 ANIMAL POLLINATION AND SPECIATION IN PLANTS: GENERAL MECHANISMS AND EXAMPLES FROM THE ORCHIDS 9 WHY ARE FLORAL SIGNALS COMPLEX? AN OUTLINE OF FUNCTIONAL HYPOTHESES 10 A SURVEY ON POLLINATION MODES IN CACTI AND A POTENTIAL KEY INNOVATION 11 ZYGOMORPHY, AREA, AND THE LATITUDINAL BIODIVERSITY GRADIENT IN ANGIOSPERMS 12 AMBOPHILY AND “SUPER GENERALISM” IN CERATONIA SILIQUA (FABACEAE) POLLINATION 13 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF POLLINATION NETWORKS: THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 14 POLLINATORS AS DRIVERS OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION AND ASSEMBLAGE INTO COMMUNITIES 15 EFFECTS OF ALIEN SPECIES ON PLANT–POLLINATOR INTERACTIONS: HOW CAN NATIVE PLANTS ADAPT TO CHANGING POLLINATION REGIMES? 16 POLLEN RESOURCES OF NON-APIS BEES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT–POLLINATOR RELATIONSHIPS MACROEVOLUTION FOR PLANT REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGISTS 1 1 FROM MICRO- TO MACROEVOLUTION JUST AS THERE IS A MICROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESS THAT EXPLAINS ORGANISMAL ADAPTA- TIONS, SO IS THERE A MACROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESS THAT EXPLAINS BIOLOGICAL DIVER- SITY CONSIDER WESTERN NORTH AMERICA’S WILDFLOWERS HOW IS IT THAT THERE ARE PENSTEMONS THAT ARE HYMENOPTERAN POLLINATED, AND 40 PENSTEMONS THAT HAVE TAKEN ON HUMMINGBIRDS, BUT NO PENSTEMON SPECIES HAS ADAPTED TO FLY OR BUTTER- FLY OR BEETLE POLLINATION? HOW IS IT THAT THERE ARE 60 KINDS OF DUDLEYAS, ALL WITH RANGES EMANATING FROM THE COASTAL MOUNTAINS? AND HOW ABOUT MARIPOSA LILIES, A GROUP OF 35 SPECIES VARYING IN FLOWER COLORS AND PETAL HAIRS YET ALL POLLINATED BY BOTH BEETLES AND BEES VIA A HIGHLY GENERALIZED FLORAL MECHANISM? THE AMOUNTS OF DIVERSITY AND THE PATTERNS IN WHICH THEY ARE ARRANGED ARE THE PRODUCTS OF A MACROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESS THE MICROEVOLUTIONARY PROCESS IS MORE FAMILIAR MUTATIONS OCCUR FROM TIME TO TIME THEY ARE UNDIRECTED MANY ARE DELETERIOUS TO THE FUNCTIONING OF THE ORGANISM IN ITS ENVIRONMENT FOR A WHILE THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THE GENETIC LOAD, THEN EVENTUALLY THEY ARE LOST DUE TO NATURAL SELECTION MANY OTHER MUTATIONS ARE NEUTRAL OR NEARLY NEUTRAL GIVEN THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE ORGANISM LIVES AND THE GENETIC STATE OF THE ORGANISM AT OTHER LOCI NEUTRAL ALLELES CHANGE IN FREQUENCY DUE TO GENETIC DRIFT A FEW NEW MUTATIONS ARE BENEFICIAL TO THE INDIVIDUALS THAT CARRY THEM, OR TO