PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
CONTENTS CHAPTER WORKING CONCEPTS INTRODUCTION COMMON KNOWLEDGE AXIOMS WILDLIFE IN A FOREST WHAT IS WILDLIFE? CLASSIFICATION LIFE FORM LIFE HISTORY OF ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT OF FOREST WILDLIFE THE CENTRUM AND WEB WHAT IS HABITAT? PLANTS IN A FOREST LIFE HISTORY OF PLANTS WATER IN A FOREST WATER PROPERTIES FRESHWATER HABITATS LAKES STREAMS SEEPS AND SPRINGS RIPARIAN ZONES FOREST DIVERSITY HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DIVERSITY LAYERS COMPONENTS ARRANGEMENT OF COMPONENTS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY EDGE VEGETATION STANDS OF TREES OPENINGS IN STANDS DEAD TREES AND SNAGS COARSE WOODY DEBRIS FORESTS AS ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES NUTRIENT CYCLES ENERGY FLOW NUTRIENT AND ENERGY PATHWAYS SOIL TIME AND SPACE ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDE LIMITING FACTORS 1 10 FOREST SUCCESSION 1 10 1 AGENTS OF CHANGE 1 10 2 PRIMARY SUCCESSION 1 10 3 SECONDARY SUCCESSION 1 10 4 TREE STRUCTURAL STAGES 1 10 5 OLD FOREST CONDITIONS 1 10 6 CHANGES OVER TIME 1 11 HEALTHY FOREST CONDITIONS 1 11 1 LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY 1 11 2 NATURAL EVENTS 1 11 3 SUSTAINABILITY 1 11 4 CLIMATE CHANGE 1 12 THE MENOMINEE PARADIGM 1 13 THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY KNOWLEDGE ENHANCEMENT READING REFERENCES CHAPTER SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE HAZARDS FIRE ROADS FENCES WEATHER DISEASES DISEASE-PRODUCING AGENTS PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND INSECTICIDES PREDATORS THE LEOPOLD REPORT LOTKA-VOLTERRA EQUATIONS GENERAL PROPOSITIONS HUMANS HABITAT DESTRUCTION ILLEGAL HUNTING BIOLOGY REPRODUCTION BEHAVIOR TERRITORY ECOLOGICAL NICHE POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS UNINHIBITED GROWTH MODEL RATES OF POPULATION CHANGE INHIBITED GROWTH MODEL CARRYING CAPACITY 2 6 10 LIFE TABLE 2 6 11 FLUCTUATIONS 2 6 12 DEMOGRAPHIC VIGOR RESOURCES FOOD COVER WATER SPACE MOBILITY ORDER OF MAGNITUDE CHAPTER INTEGRATING FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT FOREST TYPES EASTERN FOREST TYPES WHITE-RED-JACK PINE (TYPE 10) SPRUCE-FIR (TYPE 11) LONGLEAF-SLASH PINE (TYPE 12) LOBLOLLY-SHORTLEAF PINE (TYPE 13) OAK-PINE (TYPE 14) OAK-HICKORY (TYPE 15) OAK-GUM-CYPRESS (TYPE 16) ELM-ASH-COTTONWOOD (TYPE 17) MAPLE-BEECH-BIRCH (TYPE 18) 3 2 1 10 ASPEN-BIRCH (TYPE 19) WESTERN FOREST TYPES DOUGLAS-FIR (TYPE 20) HEMLOCK-SITKA SPRUCE (TYPE 21) PONDEROSA PINE (TYPE 22) WESTERN WHITE PINE (TYPE 23) LODGEPOLE PINE (TYPE 24) LARCH (TYPE 25) FIR-SPRUCE (TYPE 26) REDWOOD (TYPE 27) PINYON-JUNIPER (TYPE 28) 3 2 2 10 WESTERN HARDWOODS (TYPE 29) FOREST MANAGEMENT SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS TREE SPECIES TOLERANCE EVEN- AND UNEVEN-AGED STANDS CLEARCUTTING SHELTERWOOD SEED TREE SELECTION OLD FOREST CONDITIONS THINNING 3 3 10 SPACING OF TREES 3 3 11 FOREST REGULATION 3 3 12 ROTATION 3 3 13 CUTTING CYCLE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INTEGRATING FACTORS A MATTER OF SCALE TIME NATURAL ROTATION STAND SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION NONADJACENCY CONSTRAINT THE LANDSCAPE FACTOR TRADITION AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS GRAZING SYSTEMS 3 5 10 CONFLICTS AND COMPETITION 3 5 11 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RESTORE AND MAINTAIN RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY WILDLIFE COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES TIMBER COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES RANGE COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES ENGINEERING COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES WATERSHED COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES RECREATION COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES LAND USE COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES AQUATIC COORDINATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES CHAPTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ECOSYSTEMS LOCAL AND FORMATIONAL LANDSCAPES HABITAT AREA WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS SINGLE SPECIES MULTISPECIES FEATURED SPECIES GUILDS ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INDICATORS HABITAT CORRIDORS GAP ANALYSIS HABITAT MODELS FACTORS TO CONSIDER DECISION MAKING DECISION TREE EXPERT SYSTEMS PATTERN RECOGNITION HABITAT INDICES STAND STRUCTURE MODEL WILDLIFE DATA MODELS HABITAT EVALUATION AND MONITORING ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING HABITAT QUALITY AND POPULATIONS HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX CONDITION AND TREND MONITORING HABITAT CHANGE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PLANNING LAWS AND POLICY FISH AND WILDLIFE COORDINATION ACT MULTIPLE-USE, SUSTAINED-YIELD ACT SIKES ACT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT FOREST AND RANGELAND RENEWABLE RESOURCES PLANNING ACT (RPA) NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT (NFMA) GOVERNING POLICIES 4 8 10 WHY PLAN? 4 8 11 FACTORS TO CONSIDER 4 8 12 OPERATIONAL PLANS 4 8 13 CHECKLIST FOR BACKGROUND INFORMATION 4 8 14 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 4 8 15 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION INVENTORY MULTIRESOURCE INVENTORY CATEGORIES OF INVENTORY INTENSITY OF INVENTORY MAP SCALE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4 10 SAMPLING 4 10 1 TYPES OF SAMPLING 4 10 2 SHAPE AND SIZE OF SAMPLE UNITS 4 10 3 SAMPLING DESIGN 4 10 4 INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED 4 10 5 USES OF HABITAT DATA 4 10 6 ESTIMATING ANIMAL NUMBERS 4 10 7 COUNTING ANIMALS (DIRECT) 4 10 8 COUNTING SIGNS (INDIRECT) 4 10 9 TREE MEASUREMENTS CHAPTER FOREST ATTRIBUTES AND WILDLIFE NEEDS (FAAWN) BACKGROUND INFORMATION RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEMS STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION QUALITY CONTROL RELATION THEORY RELATIONSHIP SYSTEMS DESIGN CRITERIA HOW RELATIONAL SYSTEMS WORK RULES FOR PLACING THE LINKS DETERMINING THE LINKS EVALUATE AND TEST THE DESIGN DEVELOPING A RELATIONAL DATA MODEL ANIMALS LIFE-NEEDS STATES HYPOTHESIZED REGIONS TYPES-STATES TYPES-CODES PLANTS-TYPES 5 3 10 PLANTS 5 3 11 NATIONAL A WAY OF LEARNING USING THE DATA MODEL EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT SUGGESTED ADDITIONS ENTERING AND EDITING DATA USING THE COMPUTER DISK KNOWLEDGE ENRICHMENT READING REFERENCES FOR VALIDATING INFORMATION