VITAMINS IN FOODS: ANALYSIS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND STABILITY
DE?NITION AND CLASSI?CATION OF VITAMINS NUTRITIONAL VITAMIN DE?CIENCY VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS VITAMIN ENHANCEMENT OF FOODS STABILITY OF VITAMINS WATER ACTIVITY AND LIPID OXIDATION FIRST-ORDER KINETICS EFFECTS OF FOOD PROCESSING ON VITAMIN RETENTION DEHYDRATION BLANCHING CANNING PASTEURIZATION AND ULTRA-HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROCESSING MICROWAVE HEATING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (FLAKING, PUF?NG, AND EXTRUSION) FREEZING IRRADIATION HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TREATMENT CURING AND SMOKING MILLING EFFECTS OF FOOD STORAGE ON VITAMIN RETENTION EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC COOKING ON VITAMIN RETENTION REFERENCES GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOLUTE TRANSLOCATION INTESTINAL ABSORPTION THE VILLUS THE LUMINAL ENVIRONMENT ADAPTIVE REGULATION OF INTESTINAL NUTRIENT TRANSPORT NONSPECI?C ANATOMICAL ADAPTATIONS TO CHANGING METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS AND FOOD DEPRIVATION DIETARY REGULATION OF INTESTINAL NUTRIENT CARRIERS DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSPORT OF DIETARY FAT TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE: A MODEL FOR THE ABSORPTION OF SOME WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBER ON ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BIOAVAILABILITY GENERAL CONCEPTS METHODS FOR ESTIMATING VITAMIN BIOAVAILABILITY IN HUMAN SUBJECTS PLASMA RESPONSE URINARY EXCRETION ORAL-FECAL BALANCE STUDIES AND THE DETERMINATION OF PRECECAL DIGESTIBILITY USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES BACKGROUND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, BIOPOTENCY, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURE AND BIOPOTENCY RETINOL PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES APPEARANCE AND SOLUBILITY STABILITY IN NONAQUEOUS SOLUTION RETINOIDS CAROTENOIDS VITAMIN A IN FOODS OCCURRENCE VITAMIN A STABILITY INTRODUCTION VITAMIN A IN MILK SUPPLEMENTAL VITAMIN A IN CORN FLAKES AND RICE VITAMIN A EQUIVALENCY APPLICABILITY OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND TRANSPORT ABSORPTION METABOLIC EVENTS WITHIN THE ENTEROCYTE ESTERI?CATION OF RETINOL CONVERSION OF PROVITAMIN CAROTENOIDS TO RETINOIDS LIVER UPTAKE OF CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS AND STORAGE OF VITAMIN A PLASMA TRANSPORT OF RETINOL AND CAROTENOIDS TISSUE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF RETINOL IN VIVO METHODS OF ASSESSING B-CAROTENE BIOAVAILABILITY USE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN CANNULATED PATIENTS ANIMAL MODELS SERUM, PLASMA, OR CHYLOMICRON RESPONSES NOT INVOLVING ISOTOPIC TRACERS METHODS INVOLVING STABLE ISOTOPES IN VITRO METHODS OF ASSESSING B-CAROTENE BIOACCESSIBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN VITRO DIGESTION METHODS TO ASSESS B-CAROTENE BIOACCESSIBILITY IN VITRO STUDIES OF B-CAROTENE ABSORPTION USING CACO-2 CELLS HOST-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF B-CAROTENE DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF B-CAROTENE LOCATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE PLANT SOURCE FOOD MATRIX DIETARY PROTEIN DIETARY FAT AND ENERGY DIETARY FIBER PLANT STEROLS CONCLUSIONS B-CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT OF VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION ON VITAMIN A STATUS IN POPULATIONS AT RISK OF VITAMIN A DE?CIENCY EFFECTS OF B-CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION ON BREASTMILK CAROTENOIDS VITAMIN D IN FOODS EXPRESSION OF DIETARY VALUES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT, AND METABOLISM STRUCTURE BIOPOTENCY IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY VITAMIN E IN FOODS INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT PLASMA TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION PREFERENTIAL SECRETION OF 2R-A-TOCOPHEROL STEREOISOMERS BY THE LIVER STORAGE EF?CIENCY OF VITAMIN E ABSORPTION EFFECTS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATS ON VITAMIN E ABSORPTION EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBER ON VITAMIN E ABSORPTION EFFECT OF PLANT STEROLS ON VITAMIN E BIOAVAILABILITY VITAMIN E REQUIREMENTS VITAMIN K IN FOODS EFFECTS OF HYDROGENATION ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF DIETARY VITAMIN K BACTERIALLY SYNTHESIZED MENAQUINONES AS A POSSIBLE ENDOGENOUS SOURCE OF VITAMIN K STRUCTURE AND POTENCY STABILITY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION THIAMIN IN FOODS BIOAVAILABILITY OF THIAMIN IN FOODS ANTITHIAMIN FACTORS THIAMINASES POLYPHENOLS EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBER VITAMIN B2 IN FOODS ABSORPTION OF DIETARY VITAMIN B2 IN THE LARGE INTESTINE APPEARANCE, SOLUBILITY, AND OTHER PROPERTIES NIACIN IN FOODS NIACIN TRYPTOPHAN VITAMIN B6 IN FOODS BIOAVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN B6 IN FOODS GLYCOSYLATED FORMS OF VITAMIN B6 PANTOTHENIC ACID IN FOODS DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF DIETARY PANTOTHENIC ACID ABSORPTION OF BACTERIALLY SYNTHESIZED PANTOTHENIC ACID IN THE LARGE INTESTINE BIOTIN IN FOODS DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF DIETARY BIOTIN ABSORPTION OF BACTERIALLY SYNTHESIZED BIOTIN IN THE LARGE INTESTINE APPEARANCE, SOLUBILITY, AND IONIC CHARACTERISTICS FOLATE IN FOODS ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT, AND METABOLISM DECONJUGATION OF POLYGLUTAMYL FOLATE ABSORPTION OF DIETARY FOLATE IN?UENCE OF FOLATE-BINDING PROTEIN ON THE ABSORPTION OF FOLATE FROM MILK ADAPTIVE REGULATION OF FOLATE ABSORPTION SALVAGE OF DIETARY 5-METHYL-5,6-DHF ABSORPTION OF BACTERIALLY SYNTHESIZED FOLATE IN THE LARGE INTESTINE PLASMA TRANSPORT AND INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM FOLATE HOMEOSTASIS METHODS FOR ASSESSING FOLATE BIOAVAILABILITY STABLE-ISOTOPIC METHODS USE OF ILEOSTOMY SUBJECTS INHERENT BIOAVAILABILITY OF MONOGLUTAMYL AND POLYGLUTAMYL FOLATES BIOAVAILABILITY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING FOLATE IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BIOAVAILABILITY OF FOLATE IN MILK EFFECTS OF SOLUBLE FOOD COMPONENTS ON FOLATE BIOAVAILABILITY EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBER ON FOLATE BIOAVAILABILITY BIOAVAILABILITY OF FOLATE IN FORTI?ED FOODS EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON FOLATE STATUS VITAMIN B12 IN FOODS ABSORPTION AND CONSERVATION DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF DIETARY VITAMIN B12 CONSERVATION OF VITAMIN B12 EF?CIENCY OF ABSORPTION BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES EFFECTS OF SMOKING SOLUBILITY AND OTHER PROPERTIES VITAMIN C IN FOODS GENERAL PRINCIPLES TRANSPORT MECHANISMS ASCORBIC ACID DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID EF?CIENCY OF ASCORBATE ABSORPTION IN HUMANS BIOAVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN C IN FOODS BIOASSAYS IN VITRO ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ANALYTICAL APPROACH PREPARATION OF SAMPLE EXTRACTS FOR ANALYSIS EXTRACTION CLEANUP METHOD EVALUATION MEASUREMENT VALUE AND UNCERTAINTY QUALITY ASSURANCE FOOD REFERENCE MATERIALS METHOD VALIDATION VITAMIN B1 VITAMIN B2 VITAMIN B6 PANTOTHENIC ACID BIOTIN FOLATE VITAMIN B12 VITAMIN C TURBIDIMETRIC METHODS METHODS BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF METABOLIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONVENTIONAL TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD USING TEST TUBES SUMMARY LABORATORY FACILITIES AND CLEANING OF GLASSWARE MEDIA GENERAL ASSAY PROCEDURE MAINTENANCE OF STOCK CULTURES PREPARATION OF THE INOCULUM CULTURE PREPARATION OF THE ASSAY (BASAL) MEDIUM EXTRACTION OF THE VITAMIN FROM THE TEST MATERIAL SETTING UP THE ASSAY QUANTI?CATION PARTIAL AUTOMATION OF THE ASSAY PROCEDURE TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD USING MICROTITER PLATES ASSAYS OF INDIVIDUAL B-GROUP VITAMINS DETERMINATION OF TOTAL NIACIN DETERMINATION OF BOUND NICOTINIC ACID DETERMINATION OF ADDED NICOTINIC ACID AOAC TITRIMETRIC METHOD FOR VITAMIN C DIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN C COLORIMETRIC METHODS FOR NIACIN AND VITAMIN C DETERMINATION OF NIACIN BY THE KO¨NIG REACTION (AOAC METHOD) COLORIMETRIC METHODS FOR VITAMIN C FLUOROMETRIC METHODS FOR THIAMIN, RIBO?AVIN, VITAMIN B6, AND VITAMIN C THIAMIN (AOAC METHOD) RIBO?AVIN (AOAC METHOD) VITAMIN C (AOAC METHOD) ENZYMATIC METHODS FOR NICOTINIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID NICOTINIC ACID CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYSIS SEGMENTED-FLOW METHODS FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS TO FOOD ANALYSIS FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS THIAMIN RIBO?AVIN THIAMIN AND RIBO?AVIN SIMULTANEOUSLY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PRINCIPLE COLUMN TECHNOLOGY DETECTORS DERIVATIZATION TECHNIQUES VITAMIN E SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY INSTRUMENTATION COLUMNS CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY OPERATIONAL ASPECTS RIBO?AVIN, FMN, AND FAD NATURE OF THE SAMPLE EXTRACTION PROCEDURES ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS (SAPONI?CATION) VITAMIN D ALCOHOLYSIS ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS DIRECT SOLVENT EXTRACTION VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE VITAMIN K MATRIX SOLID-PHASE DISPERSION SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION APPLICATIONS CLEANUP PROCEDURES PRECIPITATION OF STEROLS OPEN-COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY MAGNESIA ALUMINA SILICA GEL SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS APPLICATION IN VITAMIN D DETERMINATIONS HPLC SYSTEMS EXPLANATIONS OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC TERMS RETENTION SEPARATION RESOLUTION EF?CIENCY THE COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHIC MODES NORMAL-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY POLAR BONDED-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY REVERSED-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY TWO-DIMENSIONAL HPLC DETECTION SYSTEMS ABSORBANCE DETECTION FLUORESCENCE DETECTION ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION MASS SPECTROMETRY APPLICATIONS OF HPLC DETECTION NORMAL-PHASE SEPARATIONS REVERSED-PHASE SEPARATIONS SOURCES OF VARIATION IN THE METHODOLOGY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE CHROMATOGRAPHY C18-BONDED PHASES C30-BONDED PHASES SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF TWO OR THREE VITAMINS ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY ION EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY REVERSED-PHASE ION-PAIR CHROMATOGRAPHY DERIVATIZATION METHODOLOGY APPLICATION MULTIPLE VITAMIN ANALYSES THIAMIN AND RIBO?AVIN RIBO?AVIN AND PYRIDOXINE NICOTINAMIDE AND PYRIDOXINE THREE OR MORE VITAMINS IMMUNOASSAYS THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION RADIOIMMUNOASSAY DETERMINATION OF PANTOTHENIC ACID ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B6 PROTEIN-BINDING ASSAYS RADIOLABELED PROTEIN-BINDING ASSAYS DETERMINATION OF BIOTIN DETERMINATION OF FOLATE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B12 ENZYME-LABELED PROTEIN-BINDING ASSAYS GENERAL PROCEDURE BIOMOLECULAR INTERACTION ANALYSIS BIOSENSOR-BASED IMMUNOASSAY FOR SUPPLEMENTAL BIOTIN AND FOLATE BIOSENSOR-BASED PROTEIN-BINDING ASSAY FOR SUPPLEMENTAL AND ENDOGENOUS VITAMIN B12 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAYS HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS THIAMIN AND FLAVINS BIOSPECI?C METHODS EVALUATION OF VITAMIN BIOAVAILABILITY FROM FOOD ANALYSIS DATA