PHOTOPHYSIOLOGY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES; ACTION OF LIGHT ON PLANTS

By EVELYN RAMIREZ

SUMMARY I INTRODUCTION II PHOTOSYNTHESIS III THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC WORLD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES II PLASTID ORIGIN III STUDIES ON PLASTIDS AND PLASTID DIVISION IV THE PLASTID DIVISION MACHINERIES V ASSEMBLY OF THE PLASTID DIVISION MACHINERIES VI CONCLUSIONS II ENZYMES INVOLVED IN CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS III INTRAPLASTIDIC ROUTE OF CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS IV REGULATION OF MG AND FE BRANCHES OF TETRAPYRROLE BIOSYNTHESIS V HETEROGENEITY OF CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS VI EVOLUTION OF CHLOROPHYLLS VII FUTURE PROSPECTS I INTRODUCTION TO CAROTENOIDS II THE COMPARTMENTATION OF PLANT ISOPRENOID FORMATION III THE PLASTIDIC 1-DEOXY-D-XYLULOSE 5-PHOSPHATE/2-C-METHYL- D-ERYTHRITOL 4-PHOSPHATE (DOXP/MEP) PATHWAY OF ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE BIOSYNTHESIS AND ITS INHIBITION IV BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS FROM DIMETHYLALLYL DIPHOSPHATE AND ISOPENENYL DIPHOSPHATE V LOCALIZATION OF CAROTENOIDS AND OTHER ISOPRENOIDS IN CHLOROPLASTS VI THE CONCENTRATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN GREEN LEAVES AND CHLOROPLASTS VII DIFFERENCES IN CHLOROPHYLL AND CAROTENOID LEVELS ON A LEAF AREA AND A DRY WEIGHT BASIS VIII ACCUMULATION OF B-CAROTENE AND ZEAXANTHIN AT SUDDEN HIGH LIGHT STRESS IX EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS X CONCLUDING REMARKS II PIGMENTS ARE REQUIRED FOR ANTENNA COMPLEX FOLDING III ASSEMBLY MECHANISMS OF LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEXES IV ASSEMBLY IN VIVO V DETERMINANTS FOR OLIGOMERIZATION VI ASSEMBLY OF SUPERCOMPLEXES VII MODULATION OF ANTENNA SIZE BY ASSEMBLY REGULATION VIII CONCLUSIONS II PHOTOSYSTEM I III PHOTOSYSTEM II IV THE OUTER ANTENNA COMPLEXES V THE CHLOROPHYLL OF THE CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX VI ASSEMBLY OF THE SYSTEM: SUPERCOMPLEXES OF CYANOBACTERIA AND HIGHER PLANTS VII CHLOROPHYLL-BINDING PROTEINS: THE RIGHT PIGMENT IN THE RIGHT SITE — SELECTIVITY OF THE PIGMENT-BINDING SITE OR CONTROL OF PIGMENT AVAILABILITY II IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEINS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS III PROTEIN COMPLEXES AND DYNAMIC PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS IV DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN ACCUMULATION AND DYNAMIC CHANGES OF THE CHLOROPLAST PROTEOME V POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROTEOME VI PROTEOME RESOURCES ON THE WEB AND IN SILICO ANALYSIS VII CONCLUSIONS AND CHALLENGES II MG-PROTOPORPHYRIN (MGPROTO) III PLASTID GENE EXPRESSION DURING EARLY PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IV SIGNALING VIA THE REDOX STATE OF MATURE CHLOROPLASTS V REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES VI MULTIPLE SIGNALS OR A MASTER SWITCH? VII CONNECTION WITH LIGHT SIGNALS VIII UNSOLVED QUESTIONS, OUTLOOK AND CONCLUDING REMARKS II GLYCEROLIPID COMPOSITION OF CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE III BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID AND DIACYLGLYCEROL IV BIOSYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROLIPIDS V CONCLUSIONS I WHAT WE KNOW II WE KNOW WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW III THE UNKNOWN: WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW IV CONCLUSION II LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS: CHANGES IN MEMBRANE COMPOSITION IN CYANOBACTERIA AND IN HIGHER PLANTS III STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THYLAKOID MEMBRANES II HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS III ROLE OF COFACTORS, EXTRINSIC PROTEINS OF PS II AND HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS IN THERMAL DAMAGE IV MEMBRANE FLUIDITY AND HEAT SENSORS V REDOX STATE OF CHLOROPLAST COMPONENTS AND HEAT SIGNALING VI GENETIC BASIS OF HEAT TOLERANCE VII COMBINED EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND OTHER STRESS FACTORS VIII CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES II MECHANISMS AND TARGETS OF PHOTOINHIBITION III SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO PHOTOINHIBITION IN THE PRESENCE OF OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS IV MECHANISMS TO AVOID PHOTOINHIBITION II OVER 20 YEARS OF EARLY LIGHT-INDUCED PROTEIN (ELIP) RESEARCH: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW III DIVISION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LHC-LIKE FAMILY MEMBERS IV THE ERA OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS V PHOTOPROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF LHC-LIKE PROTEINS VI CONCLUDING REMARKS II CHEMISTRY OF THE MAJOR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ENCOUNTERED IN PLANTS III ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES AND ROS PRODUCTION IV THE CHEMICAL IDENTITY OF A GIVEN ROS AFFECTS ITS SIGNALING FUNCTION V CONSEQUENCES OF ROS PRODUCTION II ATOMS AND MOLECULES III ABSORPTION OF LIGHT ENERGY IV CHLOROPHYLL STRUCTURE: EFFECT OF MODIFICATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS V INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE ON BINDING OF CHLOROPHYLLS TO LIGANDS VI EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF LIGAND PREFERENCE VII PROTEIN AND PIGMENT CONSTITUENTS OF THE LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEXES VIII FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF CHLOROPHYLL B (AND CHLOROPHYLL C?) IX ASSEMBLY OF LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEXES AND THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEM X CONCLUSIONS II PHOTOSYNTHETIC SOLAR ENERGY EXPLOITATION BY LIGHT-INDUCED WATER CLEAVAGE III WATER SPLITTING IN PHOTOSYSTEM II IV CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES II ABSORBERS AND EMITTERS OF VISIBLE LIGHT III VARIABLE CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE IV CONCLUDING REMARKS II GLOW CURVES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS III MECHANISM AND PARAMETERS OF LIGHT EMISSION IV THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND DELAYED LIGHT EMISSION V THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND PHOTOINHIBITION VI THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND STRESS VII CONCLUDING REMARKS I DISCOVERY OF THE BICARBONATE EFFECT AND EARLY WORK II REGULATION OF ELECTRON FLOW AT THE ACCEPTOR SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II III BICARBONATE EFFECTS ON THE DONOR SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II IV CONCLUSIONS II ROLE OF THE CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX III RELATION TO BACTERIAL-MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME BC1 COMPLEXES IV RELATION TO MENAQUINOL-OXIDIZING AND OTHER ‘RIESKE-CYTOCHROME B’ COMPLEXES V GENES AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS VI OVERALL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION VII SUBUNITS, REDOX CENTERS AND PROSTHETIC GROUPS VIII REACTION MECHANISMS IX CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX IN REDOX SENSING AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION X ASSEMBLY OF SUBUNITS AND PROSTHETIC GROUPS XI CONCLUDING REMARKS II STRUCTURE OF F1FO III OBSERVATION OF SINGLE MOLECULE ROTATION IV MECHANISM OF THE F1FO ATP SYNTHASE V COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF F1 ROTATION VI FO MECHANISM VII REGULATION OF ATP SYNTHASE II LINEAR ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR CO2 ASSIMILATION AND PHOTORESPIRATION III SOME STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IV PHOTOREDUCTION OF OXYGEN V CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT AROUND PHOTOSYSTEM I II PHOTON-HARVESTING FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS III PHOTON-HARVESTING FOR NON-BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IV BIO-MIMETIC REACTION CENTERS FOR CHARGE SEPARATION V CARBON-BASED END PRODUCTS OF ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS VI FUTURE PROSPECTS II HIGH-CO2-REQUIRING MUTANTS III INORGANIC CARBON ACQUISITION SYSTEMS IN CYANOBACTERIA IV THE CO2-CONCENTRATING MECHANISM IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII V THE CO2-CONCENTRATING MECHANISM OF OTHER MICROALGAE: ECOLOGICAL ROLE AND POSSIBLE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION II CARBON FIXATION MECHANISMS III RIBULOSE BIS PHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE (RUBISCO) IV OTHER REACTIONS OF THE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE V REGULATION OF THE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE VI CONCLUSION II SUCROSE SYNTHESIS IN BACTERIA III EUKARYOTIC SUCROSE SYNTHESIS IV SUCROSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (SPS) GENE FAMILIES – EVOLUTION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION V CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES EDITORIAL NOTE II PHLOEM LOADING III LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT (TRANSLOCATION) OF SUCROSE IV IMPORT OF SUCROSE TO SINK TISSUES V SUCROSE TRANSPORTERS AS SUCROSE SENSORS? II PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF C3 SPECIES TO GROWTH AT ELEVATED [CO2] III PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF C4 SPECIES TO GROWTH AT ELEVATED [CO2] IV ARE EXPECTATIONS FROM ENCLOSURE STUDIES MET IN OPEN-AIR FIELD CONDITIONS? V INFLUENCE OF PLANT RESPONSES TO ELEVATED [CO2] ON GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE AND CLIMATE VI LESSONS FROM MODELING PHOTOSYNTHESIS VII CONCLUSION II JAN VAN HELMONT (1579–1944): A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR WATER III STEPHEN HALES (1677–1761): THE PRESENCE OF AIR IN PLANTS IV CHARLES BONNET (1720–1793): A USEFUL OBSERVATION: BUBBLES ON SUBMERGED LEAVES V JOSEPH PRIESTLEY (1733–1804): THE ROLE OF PLANTS IN “PURIFYING” AIR, AND THE DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN VI CARL WILHELM SCHEELE (1742–1786): EARLY IDENTIFIER OF OXYGEN VII ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER (1743–1794): THE “NEW CHEMISTRY” VIII JAN INGEN-HOUSZ (1730–1799): THE ROLE OF LIGHT, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS’ GREEN COLOR IX JEAN SENEBIER (1742–1809): THE ROLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE X NICHOLAS-THÉODORE DE SAUSSURE (1767–1845): CONFIRMING THE ROLE OF WATER, AND DEVELOPING A UNIFIED CONCEPT OF PLANT NUTRITION XI SUMMARY OF THE EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODERN CHEMICAL THEORY OF PLANT NUTRITION XII JULIUS ROBERT MAYER (1814–1878): THE FINAL COMPONENT, ENERGY I EARLY TRAINING (1952–1954) AND RESEARCH (1954–1956) IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, ALLAHABAD, INDIA II GRADUATE TRAINING AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH, URBANA, ILLINOIS (1956–1960) I THE 1970–1979 PERIOD II THE 1980–1989 PERIOD III THE 1990–1999 PERIOD II RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS III HISTORICAL IV EDUCATIONAL V AWARDS AND HONORS