THE PLANT LIFE OF MARYLAND
CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 1 THE SCOPE OF INSECT ECOLOGY 1 1 FASCINATION WITH INSECTS 1 2 ANTIQUITY OF INSECTS 1 3 INSECT BODY PLAN 1 4 RICHNESS OF THE INSECT FAUNA 1 5 RICHNESS OF RELATIONSHIPS 1 6 ADAPTIVE RADIATION 1 7 ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES 1 8 ECOLOGICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS APPLICATIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANY DISCIPLINES SUMMARY QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS FURTHER READING PART II BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY 2 BEHAVIOR, MATING SYSTEMS AND SEXUAL SELECTION 2 1 THE REPRODUCTIVE IMPERATIVE 2 2 THE LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH 2 3 THE EXPERIMENTAL NECESSITY 2 4 SURVIVAL 2 5 FORAGING BEHAVIOR 2 6 A PLACE TO LIVE 2 7 COMMUNICATION 2 8 REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR APPLICATIONS: BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO PEST REGULATION 3 SOCIAL INSECTS: THE EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIALITY 3 1 WHAT ARE SOCIAL INSECTS? 3 2 LEVELS OF SOCIALITY: THE OTHER SOCIAL INSECTS 3 3 EUSOCIALITY: THE SUPERORGANISMS 3 4 EVOLUTION OF SOCIALITY: DARWIN’S DILEMMA 3 5 THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIALITY APPLICATIONS: SOCIAL INSECTS AS SAVIORS AND PESTS PART III SPECIES INTERACTIONS 4 PLANT AND HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS 4 1 TAXONOMIC OCCURRENCE OF PHYTOPHAGY 4 2 DIET BREADTH, FEEDING STRATEGIES AND HERBIVORE GUILDS 4 3 PLANT BARRIERS TO HERBIVORE ATTACK 4 4 PLANT DEFENSE HYPOTHESES 4 5 THE RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS ON DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 4 6 THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS APPLICATIONS: PLANT–INSECT INTERACTION THEORY IN PEST MANAGEMENT 5 LATERAL INTERACTIONS: COMPETITION, AMENSALISM AND FACILITATION 5 1 COMPETITION AND RESOURCE LIMITATION 5 2 PARADIGMS OF COMPETITION THEORY: EVIDENCE FOR AND AGAINST 5 3 CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON COMPETITION BETWEEN INSECT HERBIVORES 5 4 COMPETITION IN OMNIVORES, DETRITIVORES, PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS 5 5 COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS 5 6 FACILITATION 5 7 CALL FOR BROADER THEORY APPLICATIONS: HUMANS AND INSECTS AS COMPETITORS 6 MUTUALISMS MUTUALISM AS A CREATIVE EVOLUTIONARY FORCE THE VARIETY OF MUTUALISTIC INTERACTIONS MUTUALISM AND THE EVOLUTION OF BIODIVERSITY THE ORIGIN OF MUTUALISMS THE GIVE AND TAKE IN MUTUALISM CHEATING ADAPTIVE RADIATION IN MUTUALISTIC SYSTEMS MODELING MUTUALISM COMPLEXITY OF INTERACTIONS 6 10 AN HISTORICAL NOTE APPLICATIONS: BENE?CIAL INTERACTIONS IN AGRICULTURE 7 PREY AND PREDATOR INTERACTIONS 7 1 WHAT IS A PREDATOR? 7 2 THE GENERALIZED FEEDING HABIT OF PREDATORS 7 3 PREDATOR EFFECTS ON PREY ABUNDANCE 7 4 PREDATOR RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN PREY DENSITY 7 5 PREY–PREDATOR DYNAMICS 7 6 PREDATION IN COMPLEX FOOD WEBS 7 7 NON-CONSUMPTIVE PREDATOR IMPACTS ON PREY 7 8 EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE OF PREY TO PREDATION APPLICATIONS: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 8 PARASITE AND HOST INTERACTIONS THE PARASITE AND PARASITISM KINDS OF PARASITES THE NUMBER OF PARASITIC INSECT SPECIES SMALL BODY SIZE ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF PARASITES LIFE-HISTORY CONVERGENCE CONVERGENCE AMONG PARASITOIDS PHYLOGENETIC TRACKING OF HOST LINEAGES GEOGRAPHIC MOSAICS OF VARIATION AND PATCH DYNAMICS 8 10 DAMAGE TO THE HOST 8 11 HOST DEFENSES AGAINST PARASITES 8 12 HOST BEHAVIORAL MODI?CATION BY PARASITES 8 13 MODELING HOST AND PARASITE INTERACTIONS APPLICATIONS: HARMFUL AND BENE?CIAL PARASITES PART IV POPULATION ECOLOGY 9 DEMOGRAPHY, POPULATION GROWTH AND LIFE TABLES 9 1 PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION GROWTH 9 2 FEEDBACK LOOPS, DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND POPULATION REGULATION 9 3 LIFE TABLES 9 4 COMPARISON OF LIFE TABLES 9 5 SURVIVORSHIP CURVES APPLICATIONS: APPROACHING A PROBLEM AND PLANNING 10 LIFE HISTORIES 10 1 SCOPE OF STUDIES 10 2 EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES AND TACTICS 10 3 COMPARATIVE LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES 10 4 ADAPTATIONS, CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, COSTS AND BENE?TS AND ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES 10 5 HYPOTHESES ON FECUNDITY VARIATION 10 6 TIMING OF REPRODUCTION 10 7 STABILIZING SELECTION ON LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS 10 8 LIFE SPAN OF ADULT INSECTS APPLICATIONS: UNDERSTANDING PEST SPECIES 11 POPULATION DYNAMICS 11 1 POPULATION PATTERNS 11 2 THE MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF WHY POPULATION DENSITY CHANGE OCCURS 11 3 COMPLEX INTERACTIONS 11 4 AN EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESIS 11 5 METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS APPLICATIONS: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT PART V FOOD WEBS AND COMMUNITIES 12 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 12 1 THE COMMUNITY 12 2 THE ECOLOGICAL NICHES OF SPECIES 12 3 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 12 4 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE 12 5 COMMUNITY GENETICS 12 6 THETIMEHYPOTHESISORTHEAREAHYPOTHESIS? 12 7 COMPOUND COMMUNITIES APPLICATIONS: INSECTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 13 MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS 13 1 THE TROPHIC LEVEL CONCEPT 13 2 PLANT TRAITS THAT AFFECT ENEMY–PREY INTERACTIONS 13 3 TROPHIC CASCADES APPLICATIONS: CHOOSING PLANTS TO ENCOURAGE TROPHIC CASCADES PART VI BROAD PATTERNS IN NATURE 14 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 14 1 SCALES OF BIODIVERSITY 14 2 SAMPLING SPECIES DENSITY 14 3 IMPORTANCE OF PATTERN DETECTION 14 4 GRADIENTS OF ISLAND SIZE AND REMOTENESS 14 5 LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS 14 6 ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS 14 7 TIME GRADIENTS 14 8 DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS APPLICATIONS: CONSERVING SPECIES RICHNESS 15 PLANET EARTH: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES 15 1 THE PALEOBIOLOGICAL RECORD 15 2 CLIMATE CHANGE 15 3 ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS 15 4 INVASIONS 15 5 CONSERVATION ECOLOGY APPLICATIONS: THREATS AND COSTS