PRACTICAL PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

By ISABELLA HERNANDEZ

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PRESENCE OF DEFENCE AND SIGNAL COMPOUNDS AT THE RIGHT TIME AND PLACE MOLECULAR MODES OF ACTION OF SM BIOTECHNOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OF SM CONCLUSIONS MOLECULAR MODES OF ACTION OF DEFENSIVE SECONDARY METABOLITES MOLECULAR MODES OF ACTION – AN OVERVIEW ACCUMULATION OF DEFENCE AND SIGNAL COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS ANIMAL RESPONSES: DETOXI?CATION MECHANISMS AND ADAPTATIONS CONCLUDING REMARKS CHEMICAL DEFENCE IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS IN ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTIONS CHEMICAL DEFENCE AGAINST FOULING CHEMICAL DEFENCES OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES AND ALGAE AGAINST CONSUMERS FAVOURED ALLOCATION OF DEFENSIVE METABOLITES IN VULNERABLE AND VALUABLE PARTS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES AND ALGAE THE ?EXIBLE RESPONSE: STRESS-INDUCED ACCUMULATION OF DEFENCE METABOLITES AND ACTIVATION OF PROTOXINS ENDOSYMBIONTS AS SOURCES FOR ALLELOCHEMICALS FOUND IN MARINE INVERTEBRATES CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK PLANT–MICROBE INTERACTIONS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES WITH ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES PHYTOALEXINS ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS OF HIGHER PLANTS SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM HIGHER PLANTS WITH ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES NEW MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES COMPOUNDS WITH ANTICANCER AND CHEMOPREVENTIVE ACTIVITY ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS ANTI-IN?AMMATORY DRUGS ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS ANTI-ISCHAEMIC DRUGS IMMUNOSTIMULATORY DRUGS PRODUCTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS BY PLANT CELL AND ORGAN CULTURES PRODUCTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS BY CELL AND ORGAN CULTURES ELICITATION INCREASE/DECREASE OF PRODUCT YIELDS BY GENETIC MANIPULATION BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS DELINEATION USING RNA-INTERFERENCE MASS CULTIVATION OF PLANT CELL CULTURES PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS BY PLANTS AND PLANT CELL CULTURES PRODUCTION OF PLANT NATURAL PRODUCTS IN MICROBES PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES A TYPICAL TRAIT OF PLANTS IS THE PRODUCTION OF A HIGH DIVERSITY OF SEC- ONDARY METABOLITES (SM) (THE NUMBER OF IDENTI?ED SUBSTANCES EXCEEDS 100 000 AT PRESENT), INCLUDING MANY NITROGEN-FREE (SUCH AS TERPENES, POLYKE- TIDES, PHENOLICS, SAPONINS AND POLYACETYLENES) AND NITROGEN-CONTAINING COM- POUNDS (SUCH AS ALKALOIDS, AMINES, CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES, NON-PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS, GLUCOSINOLATES, ALKAMIDES AND PEPTIDES) IN PLANTS, SEVERAL MAJOR SM, USUALLY FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES AND BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, ARE COMMONLY ACCOMPANIED BY DOZENS OF MINOR COMPONENTS COMPLEX MIXTURES, WHICH