ELEMENTS OF ECOLOGY
ABSTRACT 1 CONNECTION BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE: DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMY 2 THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE IN VARIOUS CULTURES AND RELIGIONS 3 THE “ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT” OF THE WORLD 4 THE PLANET AS A SERIES OF “SPHERES”, AN ECOLOGICAL CATEGORIZATION 5 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE SPHERES MODEL 7 SUSTAINABILITY AND SCIENCES 8 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 9 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 1 10 OTHER ITINERARIES TO EXPLORE THIS BOOK APPENDIX 1 GDP EVOLUTION OVER HISTORICAL TIME SCALES APPENDIX 2 MANDATE OF THE BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION (UN, DECEMBER 1983) 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 1 JOURNALS 11 2 BOOKS, REPORTS 11 3 WEBSITES, BLOGS, ETC 11 4 CONFERENCES 12 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C INTRODUCTION TO ASPECTS OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE RELEVANT TO SUSTAINABILITY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METALS IN THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE 3 METALS AS CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND SUBSTANCES 4 THE NATURE OF MATERIALS 5 METALS AND ESPECIALLY IRON IN THE UNIVERSE 6 METALS, IRON AND LIFE 7 A METALLURGICAL NARRATIVE 7 1 BASICS 7 2 MATERIALS PRODUCTION 7 3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 7 4 UTILIZATION OF STEEL IN MANUFACTURING AND LIFE CYCLE OF STEEL 7 5 MAKING, SHAPING & FORMING TECHNOLOGIES – MATERIAL CONCEPTS USED OUTSIDE OF THE STEEL SECTOR AND IN NEIGHBORING ONES 7 6 STEEL GRADES 7 7 INNOVATION IN STEEL METALLURGY 7 8 INNOVATION IN STEEL METALLURGY DRIVEN BY MATERIALS SCIENCE 8 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 2 APPENDIX 1 IRON IN 100 LANGUAGES (GENERATED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE) APPENDIX 2 ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORDS IRON AND STEEL APPENDIX 3 DICTIONARY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA DEFINITIONS OF METALS APPENDIX 4 IRON IN THE UNIVERSE, ON EARTH AND IN THE CRUST APPENDIX 5 TRANSFERRIN APPENDIX 6 STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C MATERIALS AND TOOLS, A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM PREHISTORICAL TIMES UNTIL THE PRESENT 2 SOCIETY AND MATERIALS: HOW IT ALL STARTED, A FEW MILLION YEARS AGO 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 PROLEGOMENA 2 3 MATERIALS (AND TOOLS) 2 4 (TOOLS AND) MATERIALS 2 5 ANTHROPOIDS AND MATERIALS 2 6 CONCLUSIONS TO SECTION 2 3 HISTORY OF METAL TECHNOLOGIES 3 1 REMINDER OF THE PREVIOUS SECTION 3 2 EARLY METALS 3 3 HISTORICAL METALLURGY – PREREDUCED IRON AND CEMENTED STEEL 3 4 HISTORICAL METALLURGY – PIG IRON AND BLAST FURNACES 3 5 HISTORICAL METALLURGY: MODERN STEELMAKING, BESSEMER, THOMAS, MARTIN & HÉROULT 3 6 THE STEEL INDUSTRY OF THE 20TH & 21ST CENTURY 3 7 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS 4 INNOVATION DRIVERS 4 1 INNOVATION DRIVERS IN METAL INDUSTRIES IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES 4 2 THE INNOVATION DRIVER NARRATIVE 5 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 3 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPENDIX 1 HISTORICAL MATRIX OF TOOL AND TECHNIQUE EVOLUTION ACROSS PREHISTORY (ACCORDING TO ALG, R&M) 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 8 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C MATERIALS COMPARISON: COMPETITION OR COOPERATION? 2 ROLES OF MATERIALS 3 METHODOLOGICAL CAVEATS 4 MATERIALS 101: A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS PROPERTIES 4 1 METALS 4 2 CERAMICS, CEMENT AND GLASS 4 3 PLASTICS AND POLYMERS, ELASTOMERS 4 4 WOOD AND TIMBER 4 5 SUMMARY OF “MATERIALS 101” 5 IRON AND STEEL 5 1 STEEL PRODUCTION 5 2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 5 3 CO2 EMISSIONS 5 4 CONCLUSIONS ON STEEL AS A MATERIAL 6 ALUMINUM 6 1 ALUMINUM PRODUCTION 6 2 ALUMINUM ENERGY DEMAND 6 3 ALUMINUM GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 6 4 CONCLUSIONS ON ALUMINUM AS A MATERIAL 7 CEMENT AND CONCRETE 7 1 CEMENT PRODUCTION 7 2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 7 3 CO2 EMISSIONS OF CEMENT PRODUCTION 7 4 CONCLUSIONS ON CEMENT AS A MATERIAL 8 GLASS 9 POLYMERS AND PLASTICS 10 WOOD AND TIMBER 11 COMPARISON BETWEEN MATERIALS 12 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 4 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN SELECTION DIAGRAM OF F ASHBY 14 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C CORROSION AND OXIDATION OF MATERIALS 2 CORROSION OF METALS 3 CORROSION OF POLYMERS AND ELASTOMERS 4 CORROSION OF CONCRETE 5 CORROSION OF CERAMICS AND GLASS 6 CORROSION OF PAPER 7 THE COST OF CORROSION 8 ANTICORROSION TECHNOLOGIES 9 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 5 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C PROCESS ENGINEERING FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ENVIRONMENTAL METALLURGY 2 METALLURGICAL REACTORS AND REACTOR MODELING 2 1 TYPOLOGY OF METALLURGICAL REACTORS 2 2 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE MODELS 2 3 CALCULATION OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIA AND DISTANCE TO EQUILIBRIUM 2 4 FLUID DYNAMICS IN LIQUID PHASE REACTORS, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 3 EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY AND METAL PROCESSES 4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS MODELING 5 SOLID AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS 6 ORGANIC EMISSIONS 7 HOLISTIC PROCESS ROUTE MODELING 8 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 6 APPENDIX 1 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS APPENDIX 2 FLOWSHEETS OF VARIOUS STEEL MILLS APPENDIX 3 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR AIR EMISSIONS APPENDIX 4 VAPOR PRESSURE OF METALS CHAPT CHAPTE C RESOURCES, MATERIALS AND PRIMARY RAW MATERIALS 2 BASICS OF MINING ENGINEERING 2 1 METALLOGENY, METALLOGENESIS 2 2 CARRIER METALS AND OTHERS 2 3 MINING RESERVES AND RESOURCES 2 4 ANALYSIS OF ELEMENT AND MINERAL SCARCITY: A DEFINITION OF CRITICALITY 2 5 THE HOTELLING RULE AND THE PRICE OF RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES 2 6 DOMESTIC MATERIALS CONSUMPTION (DMC) 3 STATUS OF PRIMARY RAW MATERIALS: EXAMPLE OF THE STEEL SECTOR 3 1 MINES IN EUROPE 3 2 STEEL COMPANIES INTEGRATING VERTICALLY 3 3 IS ORE QUALITY CHANGING? 3 4 ALLOYING ELEMENTS USED BY THE STEEL SECTOR 3 5 OTHER RESOURCES USED BY THE STEEL SECTOR 3 6 LOGISTICS AND SCARCITY 4 RAW MATERIALS BEYOND THE STEEL SECTOR 5 CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 7 APPENDIX 1 ELEMENT AND SUBSTANCE CYCLES APPENDIX 2 THE 40 TOP MINING COMPANIES IN THE WORLD (2015) APPENDIX 3 STATUS OF THE MAIN ALLOYING ELEMENTS USED IN METALLURGY IN TERMS OF SUPPLY RISK 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C MATERIALS, SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS AND THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY COMMUNICATION 3 RECYCLING 4 RECYCLING OF GOODS 5 RECYCLING OF RESIDUES, BY-PRODUCTS, CO-PRODUCTS OR WASTE 6 RECYCLING OF MATERIALS 7 RECYCLING OF MINOR MATERIALS, MULTIPLE AND INDEFINITE RECYCLING, DOWNCYCLING, CO-RECYCLING, EXTENDED LIFE-IN-USE 8 URBAN OR ANTHROPOGENIC MINES 9 RECYCLING OF MINERALS AND OF RESIDUES 10 RECYCLING OF MOLECULES 11 RECYCLING & LCA 12 RECYCLING & MFA 13 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF RECYCLING 14 REBOUND EFFECTS 15 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 8 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPENDIX 1 CIRCULAR ECONOMY, EU POLICY DEVELOPMENT: VIEWPOINTS AND NUANCES FROM A MATERIALS STAKEHOLDER 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 REFERENCES CHAPT CHAPTE C MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2 THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY 3 WHAT CAN PHYSICS TELL US ABOUT ENERGY? 4 ENERGY RESOURCES 5 STEEL AND ENERGY 5 1 THE STEEL INDUSTRY IS ENERGY INTENSIVE 5 2 THE “MODEL” INTEGRATED STEEL MILL 5 3 EAF AND DRI-BASED STEEL MILLS 5 4 ENERGY INTENSITY OF ACTUAL STEEL MILLS 5 5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY, HOW FAR? 5 6 EXERGY ANALYSIS 5 7 THE ENERGY TRANSITION, WHAT IS IT ABOUT? 6 THE ECOLOGY TRANSITION 7 CO2 MITIGATION, HOW MUCH, WHEN AND HOW? 8 RENEWABLES AND MATERIALS PRODUCTION 9 CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 9