MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CONTENTS ROLES OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID) COMPOUNDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 FORM AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT 4 SPECI?C ELEMENTS AND CYCLES 5 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES ANALYSIS OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID) COMPOUNDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES 2 SAMPLE PREPARATION 3 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT 5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND DE?NITIONS 2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO METHANOGENESIS 4 ORGANONICKEL INTERMEDIATES ON METHYL-COENZYME M REDUCTASE 5 PERSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE ORGANOTINS FORMATION, USE, SPECIATION, AND TOXICOLOGY ´ ´ ABSTRACT 2 SYNTHETIC ASPECTS 3 APPLICATIONS AND SOURCES OF ORGANOTIN POLLUTION 4 (BIO)INORGANIC SPECIATION IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 5 CONCENTRATION AND DESTINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6 TOXICITY 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABBREVIATIONS ALKYLLEAD COMPOUNDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2 FORMATION OF ALKYLLEAD COMPOUNDS 3 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE 5 HEALTH E?ECTS 6 TOXICOKINETICS ORGANOARSENICALS DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2 ORGANOARSENICALS IN NATURAL WATERS AND SEDIMENTS 3 ORGANOARSENICALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE 4 PROKARYOTAE 5 PROTOCTISTA 6 PLANKTON 7 FUNGI 8 PLANTAE 9 ANIMALIA 10 ARSENOLIPIDS 11 ORGANOARSENICALS WITH ARSENIC-SULFUR BONDS 12 ARSENIC TRANSFORMATIONS ORGANOARSENICALS UPTAKE, METABOLISM, AND TOXICITY 2 SYSTEMIC TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY OF ARSENIC 3 UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF ARSENIC SPECIES 4 MODES OF ACTION OF ORGANOARSENICALS 5 ARSENIC CARCINOGENESIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTIMONY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYLANTIMONY COMPOUNDS 3 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT 4 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS 5 ECOTOXICITY 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF BISMUTH IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL MEDIA 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYLBISMUTH COMPOUNDS 3 DETECTION AND QUANTI?CATION 4 OCCURRENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL MEDIA 5 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF BISMUTH COMPOUNDS FORMATION, OCCURRENCE, SIGNIFICANCE, AND ANALYSIS OF ORGANOSELENIUM AND ORGANO- TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2 ORGANOSELENIUM SPECIES 3 ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS ORGANOMERCURIALS THEIR FORMATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2 SPECIATION OF ORGANOMERCURY COMPOUNDS 3 FORMATION OF ORGANOMERCURY COMPOUNDS 4 DEGRADATION OF ORGANOMERCURIALS 5 DISTRIBUTION AND PATHWAYS OF ORGANOMERCURIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS TOXICOLOGY OF ALKYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS 2 MERCURY SPECIES OF RELEVANCE TO HUMAN HEALTH 3 NEUROTOXICITY OF MERCURY SPECIES 4 MECHANISMS OF NEUROTOXICITY 5 MERCURY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: A LITERATURE SURVEY 6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ENVIRONMENTAL BIOINDICATION, BIOMONITORING, AND BIOREMEDIATION OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S 2 BIOMARKERS AND BIOINDICATORS 3 BIOMONITORS 4 BIOREMEDIATION METHYLATED METAL(LOID) SPECIES IN HUMANS 2 EXPOSURE OF HUMANS TO ALKYLATED METAL(LOID)S 3 DISPOSITION AND TRANSPORT OF METHYLATED METAL(LOID)S IN THE HUMAN BODY 4 TOXICOLOGY OF METHYLATED METAL(LOID)S 5 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ROLES OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID) COMPOUNDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 1 2 CONSEQUENCES OF ORGANO SUBSTITUENTS 1 3 SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S IN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 2 FORM AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S 2 1 BIOGENIC SOURCES 2 1 1 BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION 2 1 2 BIOLOGICAL ALKYLATION 2 1 3 OTHER BIOGENIC ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S 2 2 ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES 2 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 2 BIOCIDAL ORGANOMETAL(LOID)S 2 2 2 1 ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS 2 2 2 2 TETRAETHYLLEAD 2 2 2 3 NERVE GASES 2 2 2 4 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOCIDAL APPLICATIONS 2 2 2 5 OTHER 2 2 3 INTRODUCTION OF ORGANOMETAL(LOID) PRECURSORS 2 3 ABIOTIC TRANSALKYLATION 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENT 3 3 BIOLOGICAL MOVEMENT 4 SPECIFIC ELEMENTS AND CYCLES 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 THREE TRANSITION METALS 4 2 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 2 COBALT 4 2 3 NICKEL 4 2 4 IRON 4 3 INTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED ELEMENTS 4 3 1 MERCURY 4 3 2 TIN 4 3 3 LEAD 4 3 4 PHOSPHORUS 4 3 5 ARSENIC 4 3 6 SELENIUM 4 4 LESS STUDIED ELEMENTS 4 4 1 ANTIMONY 4 4 2 TELLURIUM 4 4 3 GERMANIUM 4 4 4 THALLIUM 4 4 5 BISMUTH 4 4 6 POLONIUM 4 4 7 CADMIUM 4 4 8 SILICON AND BORON 4 4 9 MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, AND MANGANESE 5 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES ABSTRACT: ORGANO COMPOUNDS FORM AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES OF METALS AND METALLOIDS FOR PHOSPHORUS, SELENIUM, AND (POSSIBLY) ARSENIC, THEY ARE BIO CHEMICAL NECESSITIES FOR OTHERS, THEY CREATE ENHANCED MOBILITY AND ALTERED BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INVESTIGATIONS IN THIS AREA GREW OUT OF HUMAN INTRODUCTION OF THESE COMPOUNDS OR THEIR PRECURSORS INTO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS: ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES BIOALKYLATION BIOMETHYLATION ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT FOOD CHAINS FOOD WEBS METAL CARBON BONDS TOXIC GASES VOLATILIZATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY