ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH
CONTENTS SECTION I PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) AND GENERAL ASPECTS CHAPTER PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR ROLE IN PLANT LIFE 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND PLANT LIFE 1 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND STRESS RESPONSES 1 4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SECONDARY METABOLISM 1 5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES CHAPTER ADAPTATION OF MILLETS TO ARID LAND: A SPECIAL PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS HIGHLIGHTS ABBREVIATIONS 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 DISTRIBUTION OF ARID LAND IN INDIA AND WORLD 2 3 MILLETS: CLIMATE-SMART NUTRI-CEREALS 2 4 STRESS AS A LIMITING FACTOR FOR CROPS IN THE ARID ZONES 2 5 RESPONSES OF MILLETS TO ABIOTIC STRESSES 2 6 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: SMART REGULATORS OF STRESS TOLERANCE IN MILLETS 2 6 1 WRKY 2 6 2 DOF 2 6 3 ERF/DREB 2 6 4 NAC 2 6 5 BHLH 2 6 6 ASR 2 6 7 BZIP 2 6 8 MYB 2 6 9 SBPS 2 6 10 OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 2 7 HARNESSING THE POTENTIAL OF MILLET TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 2 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTERESTS AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION SECTION II PLANT TFS AND DEVELOPMENT PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 PLANT ROOT ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 3 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN PLANT ROOT DEVELOPMENT 3 3 1 ROOT APICAL MERISTEM 3 3 2 LATERAL ROOTS 3 3 3 ROOT HAIR 3 4 CONCLUSION THE ROLES OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT MERISTEMS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM 4 3 AXILLARY MERISTEM 4 4 FLOWER MERISTEM 4 5 INTERCALARY MERISTEM 4 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN LEAF SENESCENCE 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 IDENTIFICATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILIES IN SENESCING LEAF TRANSCRIPTOME 5 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF LEAF SENESCENCE RELATED TFS FAMILIES 5 3 1 NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM), ATAF1/2, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 (CUC2) (NAC) TF 5 3 2 WRKY TF 5 3 3 APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (AP2/EREBP) SUPERFAMILY 5 3 4 BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (BHLH) TFS 5 3 5 MYB TFS 5 3 6 AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR AND AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID TFS 5 3 7 DNA BINDING-WITH-ONE-FINGER (DOF) PROTEINS 5 3 8 PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORS TF 5 3 9 VQ TF FAMILY 5 3 10 BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER (BZIP) TFS 5 3 11 HOMODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP) TFS 5 3 12 PLANT A/T-RICH SEQUENCE AND ZINC-BINDING PROTEIN (PLATZ) TF 5 3 13 GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS (GRFS) AND GRF-INTERACTING FACTORS (GIFS) 5 3 14 TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN BINDING FACTOR (TCP) TFS 5 3 15 HOMEOBOX (HB) TFS 5 3 16 C3H (ZN) TFS 5 3 17 GRAS TFS 5 3 18 CCAAT BOX-BINDING TFS 5 3 19 HEAT SHOCK FACTOR TFS 5 3 20 MADS TFS 5 3 21 GOLDEN 2, ARR-B, PSR 1 (GARP) FAMILY TFS 5 3 22 TRIHELIX TFS 5 3 23 ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR TFS 5 3 24 LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 5 3 25 EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) TF 5 3 26 ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3)-LIKE (EIL) TFS 5 3 27 BRINSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1)-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) TF 5 3 28 CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR 5 3 29 TIFY TFS 5 3 30 B-BOX ZINC FINGER TFS 5 4 CONCLUSION PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN LIGHT-REGULATED DEVELOPMENT AND UV-B PROTECTION 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 1 1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FAMILIES INVOLVED IN LIGHT-REGULATED PROCESSES 6 1 2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VISIBLE LIGHT-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS 6 1 3 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF UV-B SIGNALING IN PLANTS 6 1 4 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION OF LIGHT-RESPONSIVE PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 6 1 5 ROLE OF LIGHT-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS 6 2 CONCLUSION TOMATO FRUIT DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN TOMATO 7 3 MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 7 4 MADS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 5 OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 7 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENT CONFLICT OF INTEREST PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND NODULE DEVELOPMENT 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 CCAMK/CYCLOPS COMPLEX 8 3 AP2-ERF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (ERN1 AND ERN2) 8 4 GRAS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 8 4 1 NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY 1/2 (NSP1 AND NSP2) 8 5 SYMSCL1 8 6 NIN AND NIN-LIKE PROTEINS 8 7 STRUCTURE OF NIN AND NLPS 8 8 REGULATION OF NIN FOR RHIZOBIAL INFECTION IN THE EPIDERMIS BY CYCLOPS 8 9 REGULATION OF NIN BY CYTOKININ-RESPONSE ELEMENTS FOR CELL DIVISIONS IN THE PERICYCLE 8 10 NIN: A MASTER REGULATOR OF NODULATION 8 11 NIN AS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF NODULATION 8 12 NIN AS A POSITIVE REGULATOR IN SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF NODULATION 8 12 1 LOB-DOMAIN PROTEIN16 8 12 2 NODULATION PECTATE LYASE 1 8 13 RHIZOBIUM-DIRECTED POLAR GROWTH 8 14 NUCLEAR FACTOR Y 8 14 1 SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH 8 15 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST CONTRIBUTION SECTION III PLANT TFS AND METABOLISM THE REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN ALKALOIDS BIOSYNTHESIS AND PATHWAY MODULATION 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILIES INVOLVED IN ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS REGULATION 9 2 1 APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 9 2 2 BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 9 2 3 BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER 9 2 4 CYS2/HIS2-TYPE (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IIIA-TYPE) ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN FAMILY/ZINC-FINGER CATHARANTHUS PROTEIN (ZCT) FAMILY 9 2 5 MYELOBLASTOSIS 9 2 6 WRKY 9 2 7 OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 9 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-MEDIATED MODULATION OF ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS 9 3 1 OVEREXPRESSION 9 3 2 DOWNREGULATION 9 3 3 CRISPR/CAS-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING 9 4 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 10 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND FLAVONOID METABOLISM REKHA CHOUHAN, GARIMA RAI AND SUMIT G GANDHI 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 PLANT FLAVONOIDS, MAJOR SUBCLASSES, AND BIOSYNTHESIS 10 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILIES ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 3 1 ROLE OF BASIC-HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 3 2 MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILY AND PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 3 3 WD40 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 3 4 ROLE OF BASIC LEUCINE-ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 3 5 ROLE OF WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN PLANT FLAVONOID METABOLISM 10 4 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 11 DEMYSTIFYING THE ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN PLANT TERPENOID BIOSYNTHESIS AJAY KUMAR, PARUL SHARMA, RAKESH SRIVASTAVA AND PRAVEEN CHANDRA VERMA 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF TERPENOIDS 11 2 1 BIOSYNTHESIS OF BASIC TERPENOIDS PRECURSOR (MVA AND MEP PATHWAY) 11 2 2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOPRENOID INTERMEDIATES 11 2 3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF TERPENES BY TERPENE SYNTHASES 11 3 REGULATION OF TERPENOIDS 11 3 1 WRKY 11 3 2 MYB 11 3 3 BHLH (BASIC HELIXLOOPHELIX) 11 3 4 AP2/ERF 11 3 5 BZIP 11 3 6 SPL, YABBY, AND OTHER TFS 11 4 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 12 THE REGULATORY CIRCUIT OF IRON HOMEOSTASIS IN RICE: A TALE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS POOJA KANWAR SHEKHAWAT, HASTHI RAM AND PRAVEEN SONI HIGHLIGHTS 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 IRON UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT 12 3 MAJOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN IRON HOMEOSTASIS 12 3 1 REGULATION OF FE DEFICIENCY 12 3 4 REGULATION OF FE TOXICITY 12 4 REGULATION OF THE REGULATORS 12 4 1 EPIGENETIC REGULATION 12 4 2 REGULATION AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL 12 4 3 REGULATION AT THE POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL 12 4 4 REGULATION AT THE POST-TRANSLATIONAL LEVEL 12 4 5 REGULATION BY PLANT HORMONES 12 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES SECTION IV PLANT TFS AND STRESS CHAPTER 13 IMPACT OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN PLANT ABIOTIC STRESS: A RECENT ADVANCEMENT FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT DIVYA CHAUHAN, DEVENDRA SINGH, HIMANSHU PANDEY, ZEBA KHAN, RAKESH SRIVASTAVA, VINAY KUMAR DHIMAN AND VIVEK KUMAR DHIMAN 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC STRESS 13 3 ABA SIGNALING PATHWAY 13 4 JA SIGNALING PATHWAY 13 5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE 13 5 1 MYB TFS 13 5 2 NAC TFS 13 5 3 AP2/ERF TFS 13 5 4 WRKY TFS 13 6 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 14 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND TEMPERATURE STRESS TINGTING ZHANG AND YANG ZHOU 14 1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH 14 1 1 EFFECT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRESS ON PLANTS 14 1 2 EFFECT OF LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS TO PLANTS 14 2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE STRESS 14 2 1 HSF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 14 2 2 MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 14 2 3 AP2/ERF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 14 2 4 WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 14 3 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 15 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND OSMOTIC STRESS TINGTING ZHANG AND YANG ZHOU 15 1 EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC STRESS ON PLANTS AND ITS REGULATORY MECHANISM 15 1 1 STOMATAL CLOSURE 15 1 2 OSMOTIC REGULATION MECHANISM 15 1 3 MECHANISM OF ROS GENERATION AND SCAVENGING 15 1 4 ABA SIGNALING PATHWAY 15 2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING OSMOTIC STRESS 15 2 1 OSMOTIC STRESS CAUSED BY SALT STRESS 15 2 2 OSMOTIC STRESS CAUSED BY DROUGHT STRESS 15 2 3 OSMOTIC STRESS CAUSED BY LOW TEMPERATURE 15 3 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 16 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF DROUGHT STRESS STIMULUS: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT GYANENDRA K RAI, GAYATRI JAMWAL, ISHA MAGOTRA, GARIMA RAI AND R K SALGOTRA 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 REGULATORY ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN DRY SPELL TOLERANCE 16 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AND THEIR MECHANISMS UNDER DROUGHT STRESS 16 3 1 DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER (DOF) 16 3 2 WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 16 3 3 HEAT SHOCK FACTOR 16 3 4 NUCLEAR FACTOR (NF-YS) 16 3 5 TCP TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILY 16 3 6 AP2/ERBP 16 3 7 AREB/ABF FAMILY 16 3 8 NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 16 3 9 MYB/MYC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 16 4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS CHAPTER 17 PLANT RESPONSE TO HEAVY METAL STRESS: AN INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MEHALI MITRA, PUJA AGARWAL AND SUJIT ROY 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 TOXIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS IN PLANTS 17 3 PLANT SIGNALING IN RESPONSE TO HEAVY METAL STRESS 17 4 MAPK SIGNALING UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS 17 5 CALCIUMCALMODULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS 17 6 HORMONE SIGNALING IN RESPONSE TO HEAVY METAL STRESS 17 7 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN HEAVY METAL STRESS 17 8 ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN HEAVY METAL RESISTANCE REGULATION 17 9 THE MYB-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS UNDER HM STRESS 17 10 THE WRKY-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS UNDER HM STRESS 17 11 THE BZIP-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS UNDER HM STRESS 17 12 THE AP2/ERF/DREB-FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS UNDER HM STRESS 17 13 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 18 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SALT STRESS TINGTING ZHANG AND YANG ZHOU 18 1 EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS ON PLANTS 18 1 1 OSMOTIC STRESS 18 1 2 ION STRESS 18 1 3 OXIDATIVE STRESS 18 1 4 NUTRITIONAL STRESS 18 2 SALT TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN PLANTS 18 2 1 OSMOTIC REGULATION MECHANISM 18 2 2 ION HOMEOSTASIS MECHANISM 18 2 3 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES SCAVENGING MECHANISM 18 3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN SALT STRESS 18 3 1 BHLH TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 18 3 2 BZIP TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 18 3 3 NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 18 3 4 WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 18 3 5 MYB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 18 3 6 OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PARTICIPATE IN SALT STRESS 18 4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES CHAPTER 19 PLANT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: IMPORTANT FACTORS CONTROLLING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PLANTS SHIKHA VERMA, PANKAJ KUMAR VERMA AND DEBASIS CHAKRABARTY 19 1 INTRODUCTION 19 2 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SOURCES 19 2 1 ROS PRODUCTION 19 3 ROS SCAVENGING 19 4 ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF STRESS-RESPONSIVE GENES 19 4 1 AP2/ERF FAMILY 19 4 2 THE BHLH FAMILY 19 4 3 MYB FAMILY 19 4 4 THE NAC FAMILY 19 4 5 THE WRKY FAMILY 19 4 6 THE BZIP FAMILY 19 4 7 THE HSF FAMILY 19 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FURTHER READING CHAPTER 20 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS: MASTER REGULATORS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CROP PLANTS RAVI RANJAN SAXESENA, SHREENIVAS KUMAR SINGH AND PRAVEEN KUMAR VERMA 20 1 INTRODUCTION 20 2 MOLECULAR BASIS OF PLANTMICROBE INTERACTION 20 3 THE WRKY FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL DOMAIN 20 4 WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN BIOTIC STRESS 20 5 APETELA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 20 6 AP2/ERF FAMILY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN BIOTIC STRESS 20 7 NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 20 8 NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN BIOTIC STRESS