COMPOSITAE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1 THIS BOOK 2 PROLOGUE TO GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SOME EARLY STUDIES OF GEOLOGY THE GEOLOGIC MAP GEOLOGIC EXPLORATIONS IN CALIFORNIA SOME SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA PART TWO THE EARTH AND GEOLOGIC TIME 3 EARTH MATERIALS THE UNIVERSE EARLY UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM THE EARTH ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS 4 GEOLOGIC TIME BIOSTRATIGRAPHY MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY ASTROCHRONOLOGY GEOCHRONOLOGY RADIOMETRIC AGE DATING HOW RADIOMETRIC DATING WORKS ROCKS AND MINERALS DATED BY VARIOUS RADIOMETRIC METHODS CORRELATING GEOLOGIC AGES/STAGES THE IMPORTANCE OF EUROPEAN STAGES GREAT VALLEY GROUP MAMMAL AGES MOLLUSCAN STAGES MICROFOSSIL STAGES GLACIAL AND INTERGLACIAL STAGES EVOLUTION 5 PLATE TECTONICS MID-OCEANIC RIDGES AND TRENCHES SAN ANDREAS FAULT AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT CONTINENTAL DRIFT MAGNETISM AND PALEOMAGNETISM MAGNETIC SIGNATURES OF ROCKS MAGNETIC REVERSALS SEA-FLOOR SPREADING HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES FAULTS TRANSFORM FAULTS FRACTURE ZONES TRIPLE JUNCTIONS MOVING PLATES SUPERCONTINENTS PLATE BOUNDARIES CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND OROGENIES CONTENTS PART THREE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME 6 OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 7 PROTEROZOIC ERA OLDER PROTEROZOIC ROCKS YOUNGER PROTEROZOIC ROCKS 8 PALEOZOIC ERA CAMBRIAN PERIOD ORDOVICIAN PERIOD SILURIAN PERIOD DEVONIAN PERIOD MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD PENNSYLVANIAN PERIOD PERMIAN PERIOD 9 MESOZOIC ERA TRIASSIC PERIOD TRIASSIC ROCKS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA JURASSIC PERIOD JURASSIC ROCKS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CRETACEOUS PERIOD CRETACEOUS ROCKS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MESOZOIC IGNEOUS ROCKS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MESOZOIC SIERRA DE SALINAS, RAND, PELONA, AND OROCOPIA SCHISTS THE CATALINA SCHIST SALINIA THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM THE ROLE OF THE SAN GREGORIO–SAN SIMEON–HOSGRI FAULT ZONE OFFSETTING SALINIA SALINIA’S PLACE OF ORIGIN PROTO–SAN ANDREAS FAULT WESTERN BOUNDARY OF SALINIA SUMMARY 10 CENOZOIC ERA CENOZOIC PLATE TECTONICS CALIFORNIA DURING PALEOCENE AND EOCENE TIME EOCENE FOSSIL FLORA AND FAUNA IN CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA DURING OLIGOCENE TIME OLIGOCENE GEOFLORA OF CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA DURING MIOCENE TIME OFFSHORE SANTA MARIA BASIN EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS GARLOCK FAULT OLIGOCENE TO MIOCENE GEOFLORAS CALIFORNIA DURING PLIOCENE TIME SIERRA NEVADA CALIFORNIA DURING LATE PLIOCENE TO PLEISTOCENE TIME SIERRA NEVADA AND THE COAST RANGES CALIFORNIA DURING THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH VOLCANIC ROCKS SEA LEVEL MOJAVE DESERT PEDIMENTS COASTAL UPLIFT GLACIERS PLEISTOCENE BIOTA CENOZOIC LIFE AND TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE PALEOCLIMATE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OVERALL TRENDS PALEOCENE EPOCH EOCENE EPOCH OLIGOCENE EPOCH MIOCENE EPOCH PLIOCENE TO EARLY PLEISTOCENE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH PART FOUR GEOLOGY AND BOTANY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA’S GEOMORPHIC PROVINCES 11 GEOMORPHIC AND FLORISTIC PROVINCES GEOMORPHIC PROVINCES FLORISTIC PROVINCES 12 PENINSULAR RANGES AND COLORADO DESERT OCEANSIDE–SAN DIEGO COASTAL AREA TORREY PINES STATE RESERVE NORTH OF SAN DIEGO AND LA JOLLA THE PENINSULAR RANGES BATHOLITH JULIAN ANZA-BORREGO DESERT REGION SAN GORGONIO FAULT SAN JACINTO FAULT ROCKS OF THE SAN JACINTO MOUNTAINS BOTANICAL OVERVIEW, BANNING TO PALM DESERT PALM DESERT SALTON TROUGH BORREGO VALLEY COLORADO DESERT FLORA OROCOPIA MOUNTAINS LOS ANGELES BASIN AND THE CONTINENTAL BORDERLAND 13 MOJAVE DESERT GEOLOGY OF THE MOJAVE DESERT STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MOJAVE REGION STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE MOJAVE DESERT VICTORVILLE BARSTOW AMBOY CRATER SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS LOWER CAMBRIAN ROCKS MIDDLE CAMBRIAN ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC VOLCANIC AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS IN THE SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY IN THE SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS BOTANY OF THE SOUTHERN MARBLE MOUNTAINS PROVIDENCE MOUNTAINS MITCHELL CAVERNS STATE RESERVE BOTANY OF THE PROVIDENCE MOUNTAINS REPTILES OF THE PROVIDENCE MOUNTAINS, MITCHELL CAVERNS KELSO DUNES NATIONAL NATURAL LANDMARK CINDER CONES NATIONAL NATURAL LANDMARK 14 EASTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES AND THE SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS SAN GORGONIO PASS 15 BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE: DEATH AND OWENS VALLEYS DEATH VALLEY STRATIGRAPHY OF THE DEATH VALLEY REGION STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE DEATH VALLEY REGION BADWATER TURTLEBACK, SOUTHERN DEATH VALLEY AMARGOSA CHAOS, SOUTHERN DEATH VALLEY ZABRISKIE POINT, FURNACE CREEK AREA, SOUTHERN DEATH VALLEY GOLDEN CANYON, SOUTH OF FURNACE CREEK ARTIST’S DRIVE AND PALETTE, SOUTH OF FURNACE CREEK AND GOLDEN CANYON DEVIL’S GOLF COURSE, SOUTH OF ARTIST’S DRIVE BLACK MOUNTAIN FRONTAL FAULT, WEST FACE OF THE BLACK MOUNTAINS FURNACE CREEK, DEATH VALLEY BORAX IN THE DEATH VALLEY AREA YUCCA MOUNTAIN, NEVADA TITUS CANYON, NORTH OF FURNACE CREEK SALT CREEK, NORTH OF FURNACE CREEK AND SOUTH OF STOVEPIPE WELLS MOSAIC CANYON, STOVEPIPE WELLS MESQUITE FLAT DUNES, NEAR STOVEPIPE WELLS MESQUITE SPRINGS, NORTHERN DEATH VALLEY, NEAR SCOTTY’S CASTLE BOTANY, NORTHERN DEATH VALLEY UBEHEBE CRATER, NORTHERN DEATH VALLEY SCOTTY’S CASTLE, NORTHERN DEATH VALLEY BOTANY OF THE GRAPEVINE CANYON PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE DEATH VALLEY REGION OWENS VALLEY OWENS GORGE BISHOP TO BIG PINE BIG PINE INDEPENDENCE MANZANAR ALABAMA HILLS LONE PINE FAULT SCARP OWENS LAKE FOSSIL FALLS RED ROCK CANYON 16 WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS SAN FERNANDO VALLEY SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS EASTERN SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS SOUTH SIDE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS MIOCENE VOLCANIC ROCKS EMPLACED DURING FORMATION OF THE LOS ANGELES BASIN PALEOENVIRONMENT AT THE FOOT OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS THE PUENTE HILLS, EASTERN LOS ANGELES BASIN NORTHEAST SIDE OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS SOLEDAD BASIN, NORTH OF THE SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS TECTONIC PHASES OF THE SOLEDAD BASIN RECENT HISTORY OF THE VASQUEZ–TICK CANYON AREAS ROUTES THROUGH THE WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES INTERSTATE 405 ROUTE CALIFORNIA STATE HIGHWAY 1, OR THE PACIFIC COAST HIGHWAY RIDGE BASIN–TEHACHAPI MOUNTAIN ROUTE, LOS ANGELES AND KERN COUNTIES BOTANY OF SANTA BARBARA COUNTY 17 SOUTHERN COAST RANGES THE GEOLOGIC SETTING OF THE SOUTHERN COAST RANGES SANTA MARIA BASIN ARROYO GRANDE–PISMO BEACH GEOLOGY PALEOGEOGRAPHY HUASNA BASIN SAN LUIS OBISPO MORRO ROCK–MONTAÑA DE ORO STATE PARK MORRO ROCK CAMBRIA FELSITE OBISPO FORMATION LOS OSOS VALLEY MONTAÑA DE ORO STATE PARK SAN GREGORIO–SAN SIMEON–HOSGRI FAULT STATE HIGHWAY 1 BOTANY OF SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY 18 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY 19 SIERRA NEVADA, SIERRA NEVADA PROVINCE THE SIERRA NEVADA TEHACHAPI MOUNTAINS THE DIABLO AND TEMBLOR RANGES, AND THE BOUNDARY WITH THE SIERRA NEVADA PROVINCE THE SAN EMIGDIO AND TEHACHAPI MOUNTAINS SIERRA NEVADA FOOTHILLS PALEOZOIC ROCKS MELONES AND SHOO-FLY FAULTS CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA PLUTONISM IN THE SIERRA NEVADA YOSEMITE VALLEY PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE YOSEMITE VALLEY CENOZOIC IGNEOUS ROCKS PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE GEOLOGIC FEATURES JOINT SYSTEMS PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGIC FEATURES HOLOCENE GEOLOGIC FEATURES TRAILS IN YOSEMITE VALLEY MAMMALS EAST OF TIOGA PASS AND YOSEMITE VALLEY METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS GLACIATION EASTERN SIERRA NEVADA AND GREAT BASIN MONO LAKE MONO CRATERS PANUM CRATER MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN AND THE LONG VALLEY CALDERA LONG VALLEY OBSIDIAN DOME INYO CRATERS HOT CREEK HORSESHOE LAKE TREE KILL PUMICE ROADCUT PART FIVE BOTANY AND PLANT FAMILIES 20 BOTANICAL OVERVIEW GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS VASCULAR AND FLOWERING PLANTS EARLIEST VASCULAR SEED PLANTS ANGIOSPERMS TAXONOMY, THE NAMING AND CLASSIFYING OF ORGANISMS CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS WITH LOW LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION TREE OF LIFE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON TYPES OF FLOWERS CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON FLOWER PARTS CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS BASED ON THE LOCATION OF THE OVARY AND THE PRESENCE OF A HYPANTHIUM CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS BASED ON INFLORESCENCE TYPES CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON LEAF TYPES A GENERAL (AND INCOMPLETE) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS BIOMES, PLANT COMMUNITIES, AND LIFE ZONES LIFE ZONES 21 PLANT FAMILIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SELECTED PLANT FAMILIES AND EXAMPLE GENERA