THE BIOLOGY OF THE INDIAN OCEAN

By MATTHEW ANDERSON

SECTION I WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN ESTUARIES, A SOURCE OF LIFE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FISHERIES RESOURCES OF THE TANA AND SABAKI ESTUARIES IN THE MALINDI-UNGWANA BAY, KENYA ARE PERI-URBAN MANGROVES VULNERABLE? AN ASSESSMENT THROUGH LITTER FALL STUDIES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THUKELA RIVER ESTUARY, EAST COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA, FOR THE BIOLOGY OF THE NEAR-SHORE ENVIRONMENT AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN ASPECTS: A REVIEW THE MANGROVES OF AMBANJA AND AMBARO BAYS, NORTHWEST MADAGASCAR: HISTORICAL DYNAMICS, CURRENT STATUS AND DEFORESTATION MITIGATION STRATEGY SECTION II MEANWHILE, THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN ESTUARIES ARE UNDER THREAT TANA DELTA AND SABAKI ESTUARIES OF KENYA: FRESHWATER AND SEDIMENT INPUT, UPSTREAM THREATS AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES THE SOCIOECONOMIC CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF MODIFICATION OF TANA RIVER FLOW REGIME HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING ON TRANSPORT, DISPERSION AND DEPOSITION OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN PANGANI ESTUARY, TANZANIA ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH UPLAND AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENTS: THE CASE OF RUFIJI AND PANGANI ESTUARIES, TANZANIA SMALL ESTUARINE AND NON-ESTUARINE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS OF TANZANIA: OVERLOOKED COASTAL HABITATS? LIMPOPO ESTUARY MANGROVE TRANSFORMATION, REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT