CELL-CELL SIGNALING IN VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction1 Maternal-Effect Genes 2 Investigating Maternal Function 2 Targeting Maternal-Effect Genes 5 Genetics/Mutagenesis 5 Germline Replacement: Bypassing Essential Zygotic Functions 9 Morpholinos and Oligo RNaseH 9 RNAi 10 Oogenesis: From Germline Stem Cells to Germline Cysts 13 Oocyte Polarity and the Embryonic Axes: The Balbiani Body, an Ancient Oocyte Asymmetry 19 Molecular Control of Balbiani Body Development 23 Milton: Kinesin Adaptors and Mitochondrial Allocation 23 Bucky Ball: A Novel Regulator of Oocyte Asymmetry 25 MACF1/ Magellan: A Role for Microtubule: Actin Cross-linkers in Balbiani Body Dynamics 29 Preparing Developmentally Competent Eggs 33 Nuclear Maturation: Chromatin Modification 33 Maturation Cues: To Resume or Not to Resume Meiosis 35 Polarity Proteins Regulate the Cytoskeleton and Meiosis 55 Heat Shock Factor 1: Promoting Nuclear Maturation and Developmental Competence 58 Piwis: Silencing to Prevent Aneuploidy 58 mlh1/ mps1: Mismatch Repair and Meiosis 59 Cytoplasmic Maturation: Clearing the Yolk in Fish 60 Egg Activation 63 Zebrafish Egg Activation Mutants 66 Blocking Polyspermy 71 Roles for Polarized Somatic Follicle Cell Types 71 UCHL1: A Role for Deubiquitination in Blocking Polyspermy 73 Basonuclin: A Zinc Finger Protein Involved in Developmental Competence and Limiting Sperm Entry 74 Cleavage/ Mitosis: Going Multicellular 75 Genetic Uncoupling of Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis in Zebrafish 77 Contributions of the Cytoskeleton to Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis 77 Cellular atoll / Sas6: Centrosome Duplication and Karyokinesis in Zebrafish 78 Pms2: A Role for Mismatch Repair in Preventing Aneuploidy 79 Geminin: Limiting Replication with Licensing Components 79 Microtubules and Motors: Regulating the Spindle and Polar Body 80 Tcl1: Contribution of a Cell Survival Factor to Embryonic Cleavages 80 Maternal–Zygotic Transition 83 Providing Amino Acids via Autophagy 83 miRNAs: Silencing Maternal Messages 84 Zfp36l2: Zinc Finger-Mediated Clearance of Maternal Messages 88 A Clock Mechanism Regulates EGA in the Mouse 89 Promoting EGA /ZGA by Titration of Maternal Factors or Nucleocytoplasmic Ratio in Xenopus and Zebrafish 90 Reprogramming: Epigenetic Modifications and Zygotic Genome Activation 93 DNMTs: Differential Methylation and Gene Expression 93 Zfp57: Establishing Maternal Marks and Maintaining Marks of Parental Origin 95 Dppa3/STELLA /Pgc7: Preserving Maternal Marks 96 Modifying Histone and Switching from Maternal to Zygotic Histones 97 SLBP: Producing Enough Histone 99 Npm2: Regulating Nuclear Morphology and Unmasking mRNAs 100 HR6A: A Role for DNA Repair in Development Beyond the ZGA 101 SWI /SNF/TIF?: Chromatin Remodeling to Activate Zygotic Gene Expression 101 Roles for Zinc Finger Proteins in Promoting Gene Expression 102 Dorsal–Ventral Axis Formation before Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Frogs105 The Animal–Vegetal Oocyte Axis: Positioning and Translocation of Dorsal Determinants 105 Maternal Wnts and the Dorsal–Ventral Embryonic Axis-Signaling 107 Ichabod/?-Catenin Transcriptional Complex 108 Wnt Ligands 109 Receptors and Co-Receptors of Maternal Wnts 111 Cytoplasmic Factors Regulating Maternal ?-Catenin 112 Intracellular Transducers of Wnt Signals 113 Maternal Wnts and the Dorsal Embryonic Axis-Translocation Machinery 114 Hecate: A Zebrafish Maternal-Effect Gene Required for Nuclear Accumulation of ?-Catenin 115 Tokkaebe/Syntabulin: A Role in Dorsal Determinant Position and Release 115 Kinesin: Moving Toward Vegetal 116 Proper Egg Activation Is Required for Dorsal Determinant Localization 117 Maternal TGF-? and the Dorsal–Ventral Embryonic Axis 121 TGF?/BMP/Nodal: The Ligands and Cofactors 121 XPace4: Processing and Activating Maternal TGF? 123 The Transcription Factors 123 Activators of Ventral Fate: A Role for Pluripotency Factors in Promoting Zygotic Expression of Transcription Factors that Regulate Ventral Fates 126 Ligands and Transducers of Ventral Fate 128 Maternal Control After Zygotic Genome Activation 131 Inside versus Outside: Patterning the Mouse Blastocyst 131 Cdx2: A Maternal Contribution to Lineage Specification in the Mouse 135 Adhesion in Epithelia, Gastrulation, and Tissue Morphogenesis: G-protein-coupled Receptors 136 Cadherin: Roles in Cohesion and Morphogenesis 137 Essential Regulators of Epiboly in Zebrafish 138 Epidermis Differentiation: Essential Roles in Epiboly 140 Regulating Epiboly in the Deep Cells 141 CREB: A Role for Transcription Factors During Gastrulation 141 Maternal Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Gastrulation and Left–Right Patterning 142 Maternal Cilia Contribute to Zygote Signaling 143 Scribble: Regulating Migration of Gastrula Cells and Brachiomotor Neurons 144 Late or Persisting Maternal Function Beyond Gastrulation 144 Compensation by Stable Maternal Proteins 145 Roles for Maternal Replication Complex and DNA Repair Components 145 Maternal Contributions to Segmentation and Somite Development 145 ALDH2: Maternal Roles for Retinoic Acid in Endoderm Development 146 Gart and Paics: Purine Synthesis and Pigmentation 146