BIOCHEMICAL CATALYSTS IN LIFE AND INDUSTRY: PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
CONTENTS PART I OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYME APPLICATIONS AND KEY TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRIAL ENZYME APPLICATIONS – OVERVIEW AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE PREHISTORIC APPLICATIONS GROWING THE SCIENTI?C BASIS THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND THE EMERGING ENZYME INDUSTRY REFERENCES ENZYME DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES INTRODUCTION IDENTI?CATION OF WILD-TYPE ENZYMES SELECTION PARAMETERS FOR STARTING ENZYMES ENZYME ENGINEERING TYPES OF ENZYME MODI?CATIONS GENERAL ENGINEERING STRATEGIES LIBRARY DESIGN AND GENERATION SCREENING FOR BETTER ENZYMES IMPACT OF ENZYME DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES TODAY AND TOMORROW ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EUKARYOTIC EXPRESSION SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES EUKARYOTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION SYSTEMS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING WITH EUKARYOTIC EXPRESSION SYSTEMS CHOICE OF EXPRESSION HOST COMPARISON OF CELL STRUCTURE AND THEIR IN?UENCE ON MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DI?ERENCES IN VECTOR DESIGN FOR EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC HOSTS DI?ERENCES IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DI?ERENT TYPES OF PROMOTERS INDUSTRIAL ENZYME PRODUCTION ENZYME PRODUCTION ON INDUSTRIAL SCALE HOMOLOGOUS PROTEIN PRODUCTION HETEROLOGOUS PROTEIN PRODUCTION PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF ENZYMES BIOCATALYST TYPES USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION FOR BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES REACTION MEDIUM APPLIED IN ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS MONOPHASIC SYSTEMS – ORGANIC MEDIA MULTIPHASIC SYSTEMS – LIQUID/LIQUID MIXTURES MULTIPHASIC SYSTEMS – GAS/LIQUID MIXTURES MULTIPHASIC SYSTEMS – SOLID/LIQUID MIXTURES APPROPRIATE REACTOR TYPES IN ENZYME CATALYSIS ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR ENZYMATIC APPLICATIONS PART II ENZYME APPLICATIONS FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY ENZYMES USED IN BAKING THE BAKING PROCESS – THE BAKER’S NEEDS FLOUR QUALITY AND STANDARDIZATION MIXING AND DOUGH HANDLING FERMENTATION AND DOUGH STABILITY BAKING AND OVEN SPRING THE BREAD QUALITY – THE CONSUMERS’ NEEDS COLOR AND FLAVOR SHELF LIFE TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR BAKING ENZYMES FINE BAKING AND CONFECTIONARY CONSUMER PREFERENCE: HEALTH, INDIVIDUAL VALUES, AND CONVENIENCE CONCLUSION PROTEIN MODI?CATION TO MEET THE DEMANDS OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY FOOD PROTEINS PROCESSING OF FOOD PROTEIN ENZYMES IN THE PROCESSING OF FOOD PROTEINS FOOD PROTEIN VALUE CHAIN RECENT ENZYME DEVELOPMENTS SIMPLE PROTEIN MODI?CATION (VALUE LEVEL 3) 2 2 5 1 1 DEVELOPING MICROBIAL ALTERNATIVES TO PLANT AND ANIMAL ENZYMES SPECIALIZED ENZYME MODI?CATION (VALUE LEVEL 4) 2 2 5 2 1 WHEY PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES 2 2 5 2 2 PLANT PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES HIGHLY SPECI?C PROTEIN MODI?CATION (VALUE LEVEL 5) 2 2 5 3 1 GLUTEN MODI?CATION 2 2 5 3 2 ACRYLAMIDE REDUCTION 2 2 5 3 3 BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES ENZYMES TO MEET FUTURE NEEDS DAIRY ENZYMES COAGULANTS TRADITIONAL RENNETS MICROBIAL RENNETS FERMENTATION PRODUCED CHYMOSIN RIPENING ENZYMES PROTEASES/PEPTIDASES LIPASES/ESTERASES LACTASES NEUTRAL LACTASE ACID LACTASE GOS PRODUCTION MISCELLANEOUS ENZYMES OXIDASES/PEROXIDASES PHOPHOLIPASES CROSS-LINKING ENZYMES PRESERVATION NEW DEVELOPMENTS ENZYMATIC PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CELLOBIOSE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CELLOBIOSE CELLOBIOSE – PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS EXISTING ROUTES FOR CELLOBIOSE SYNTHESIS ENZYME DEVELOPMENT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT SYNTHESIS OF CELLOBIOSE PURI?CATION OF CELLOBIOSE SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE EMERGING FIELD – SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES CASE STUDY ON HMOS INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES (HMOS) DISCOVERY AND FUNCTION OF HMOS STRUCTURE OF HMOS HMO PRODUCTION, REGULATORY AUTHORIZATIONS, AND COMMERCIAL LAUNCH – HISTORICAL OVERVIEW GLYCOM A/S TECHNOLOGIES TOWARD COMMERCIAL HMO PRODUCTION WHOLE CELL MICROBIAL FERMENTATION TO HMOS (IN VIVO PROCESS) THE GLYCOM IN VITRO CONCEPT TO DIVERSIFY HMO BLENDS VALIDATION OF THE HMO DIVERSI?CATION CONCEPT WITH NON-OPTIMIZED ENZYMES OPTIMIZATION OF THE ?1-3/4 TRANSFUCOSIDASE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ?2-6 TRANSSIALIDASE APPLICATIONS OF THE OPTIMIZED ENZYMES FOR THE HMO PRO?LES SCALE-UP OF THE LACTO-N-FUCOPENTAOSE III (LNFP-III), SIALYL LACTO-N-NEOTETRAOSE (LST-C), AND SIALYL LACTO-N-TETRAOSE (LST-A) HMO PRO?LES CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE PART III ENZYME APPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL NUTRITION ENZYMES FOR HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH CURRENT PROBLEMS OF ENZYMES IN HEALTHCARE BUSINESS ENZYMES IN EXISTING HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES 3 1 3 1 1 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN UNITED STATES 3 1 3 1 2 THERAPEUTIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ?-GALACTOSIDASE (ADG) DEXTRANASE GLUCOSE OXIDASE ACETOBACTER ENZYMES LACCASE (POLYPHENOL OXIDASE) NEW ENZYME DEVELOPMENTS IN HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS TRANSGLUCOSIDASE LACCASE ENZYME TECHNOLOGY FOR DETOXI?CATION OF MYCOTOXINS IN ANIMAL FEED INTRODUCTION TO MYCOTOXINS MYCOTOXIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES ENZYME APPLICATIONS FUMZYME® THE SUBSTRATE: FUMONISINS ENZYME DISCOVERY ENZYME SELECTION ENZYME ACTIVITY ASSAYS ENZYME CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION ENZYME FEEDING TRIALS AND BIOMARKER ANALYSIS ENZYME PRODUCTION ENZYME REGISTRATION FUTURE MYCOTOXINASES CONCLUSIONS PHYTASES FOR FEED APPLICATIONS PHYTASE AS A FEED ENZYME: INTRODUCTION AND SIGNI?CANCE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PHYTASE MARKET DEVELOPMENT FROM PHYTATE TO PHOSPHORUS: STEP BY STEP ACTION OF THE PHYTASE PROPERTIES OF PHYTATE PHYTASES STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CLASSI?CATION 3 3 3 2 1 PHYTASES FROM THE HISTIDINE ACID PHOSPHATASES (HAP) SUPERFAMILY 3 3 3 2 2 ?-PROPELLER PHYTASE (BPP) 3 3 3 2 3 CYSTEINE PHYTASE (CPHY) 3 3 3 2 4 PURPLE ACID PHYTASES (PAPHY) 3 3 3 2 5 CLASSI?CATION OF THE PHYTASES BASED ON PHYTATE DEPHOSPHORYLATION STEPS NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF PHYTASE IN ANIMAL FEED PHYTASE APPLICATION AS FEED ADDITIVE E?ECTIVE PHYTATE HYDROLYSIS IN THE UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE ANIMAL KINETIC DESCRIPTION OF IDEAL PHYTASES RESISTANCE TO LOW PH AND PROTEASES TEMPERATURE STABILITY IN LIEU OF CONCLUSION: LESSONS FROM PHYTASE SUPER DOSING TRIALS PART IV ENZYMES FOR BIORE?NERY APPLICATIONS ENZYMES FOR PULP AND PAPER APPLICATIONS RE?NING AND FIBER DEVELOPMENT ENZYME MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION EVALUATION OF ENZYME-TREATED HANDSHEETS 4 1 1 2 1 CASE STUDY 4 1 1 2 2 CASE STUDY DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT ENZYME CASE STUDY STICKIES CONTROL ENZYME DEINKING ENZYMES HARDWOOD VESSEL BREAKING ENZYME FIBER TESTER IMAGE ANALYSIS NATIVE STARCH CONVERSION ENZYME BLEACH BOOSTING ENZYME COMMON BLEACHING AGENTS 4 1 7 1 1 CASE STUDY OVERCOMING CHALLENGES FACED BY BLEACHING ENZYMES IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY PAPER MILL E?UENT TREATMENT ENZYMES SLUSHING ENZYME ROLE OF ENZYMES IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY – END NOTE! ENZYMES IN VEGETABLE OIL DEGUMMING PROCESSES GENERAL SEED OIL PROCESSES PHOSPHOLIPIDS A MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE DEGUMMING PROCESS ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING PHOSPHOLIPASE C WAYS TO COPE WITH POOR CONVERSION/POOR QUALITY OILS IN PLC-BASED PROCESSES PHOSPHOLIPASE A ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING IN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE INTRODUCTION HURDLES OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES IN OIL – OUTLOOK ENZYMATIC INTERESTERI?CATION OF TRIGLYCERIDE OILS BIODIESEL ENZYME-ASSISTED DECOLORING ENZYME-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION PART V ENZYMES USED IN FINE CHEMICAL PRODUCTION KREDS: TOWARD GREEN, COST-E?ECTIVE, AND E?CIENT CHIRAL ALCOHOL GENERATION KETOREDUCTASES COFACTOR RECYCLING CODEEVOLVER® PROTEIN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY REDUCTION OF A WIDE RANGE OF KETONES/ALDEHYDES CRITICAL SELECTIVITY TOOLS FOR ENANTIOPURE ASYMMETRIC CARBONYL REDUCTION EXAMPLES OF IMPROVED KREDS FOR IMPROVED MANUFACTURING KREDS: GOING GREEN AND SAVING GREEN AN ALDOLASE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF THE STATIN SIDE CHAIN INTRODUCTION – BIOCATALYSIS ENZYMES AS BIOCATALYSTS IN CHEMICAL PROCESS BIOCATALYTIC ROUTES TO THE STATIN SIDE CHAIN THE ALDOLASE DERA IN APPLICATION DERA-CATALYZED ALDOL REACTIONS FEASIBILITY PHASE OF DERA-ENABLED STATIN SIDE CHAIN PROCESS DIRECTED EVOLUTION AND PROTEIN ENGINEERING TO IMPROVE DERA RATIONAL DESIGN DIRECTED EVOLUTION OF DERA OTHER APPROACHES TO SUITABLE OR IMPROVED DERAS OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PROCESS INTERMEDIATES AND THE DERA TECHNOLOGY