RESPONSE IN THE LIVING AND NON-LIVING
CONTENTS CHAPTER STIMULUS–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY AND SELECTION OF ACTION: BASIC CONCEPTS INTRODUCTION CLASSIC STUDIES DONDERS’S EARLY INVESTIGATIONS FITTS’S SEMINAL STUDIES SIMON’S EFFECT OF IRRELEVANT LOCATION INFORMATION TERMINOLOGY AND DISTINCTIONS SET- AND ELEMENT-LEVEL COMPATIBILITY RESPONSE SELECTION TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING S-R COMPATIBILITY BEHAVIORAL MEASURES ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PATIENTS MODELS FOR S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS AN EARLY CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF S-R COMPATIBILITY THE ALGORITHMIC MODEL OF S-R COMPATIBILITY DIMENSIONAL OVERLAP MODEL CONNECTIONIST MODELS THE THEORY OF EVENT CODING SUMMARY CHAPTER SUMMARY CHAPTER FACTORS IN ADDITION TO S-R COMPATIBILITY THAT AFFECT RESPONSE–SELECTION EF?CIENCY THE SPEED–ACCURACY TRADEOFF UNCERTAINTY AND NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES THE HICK–HYMAN LAW IN?UENCE OF S-R COMPATIBILITY IN?UENCE OF PRACTICE AN INDICATOR OF INTELLIGENCE? ALTERNATIVES TO THE HICK–HYMAN LAW A RACE MODEL RESPONSE-PRECUING EFFECTS PRECUING AIMED MOVEMENTS PRECUING DISCRETE KEYPRESS RESPONSES A RESPONSE–SELECTION BASIS A SALIENT FEATURES CODING ACCOUNT SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS REPETITION BENE?T IS THE HICK–HYMAN LAW AN ARTIFACT OF REPETITION EFFECTS? IN?UENCE OF PRACTICE ON SET-SIZE EFFECTS AND SEQUENCE LEARNING BASIC STIMULUS–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS SPATIAL STIMULI AND RESPONSES BASIC PHENOMENA SET-LEVEL COMPATIBILITY WITH COMPLEX DISPLAYS AND CONTROLS ELEMENT-LEVEL MAPPING EFFECTS SPATIAL CODING ACTION GOALS AND REFERENCE FRAMES RULE-BASED RELATIONS ROLE OF PRACTICE VERBAL AND NONVERBAL S-R MODES ROLE OF PERCEPTUAL SIMILARITY IDEOMOTOR COMPATIBILITY STIMULUS–CENTRAL PROCESSING–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY OTHER ELEMENT-LEVEL S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS MENTAL IMAGES INTENSITY–FORCE COMPATIBILITY NUMEROSITY COMPATIBILTY CORRESPONDENCE OF IRRELEVANT STIMULUS INFORMATION AND RESPONSES: THE SIMON EFFECT ACTION EFFECTS MULTIPLE REFERENCE FRAMES WHEEL ROTATION RESPONSES TIME COURSE OF ACTIVATION GENERATION OF SPATIAL CODES ATTENTION SHIFTING ACCOUNT REFERENTIAL CODING ACCOUNT SIMON-TYPE EFFECTS FOR OTHER STIMULUS AND RESPONSE DIMENSIONS MOTION AND MOVEMENT INTENSITY–FORCE, NUMEROSITY, AND DURATION CORRESPONDENCES SEMANTIC AND AFFECTIVE SIMON EFFECTS S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL STIMULUS AND RESPONSE SETS TWO-DIMENSIONAL NONSPATIAL STIMULI MAPPED TO KEYPRESS RESPONSES THE RIGHT–LEFT PREVALENCE EFFECT FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL STIMULI AND RESPONSES ACCOUNTS FOR THE RIGHT–LEFT PREVALENCE EFFECT LEFT–RIGHT EFFECTORS MIDLINE-BARRIER ACCOUNT ATTENTIONAL HYPOTHESIS DIMENSIONALLY BIASED RESPONSE ACCOUNT SALIENT FEATURES CODING ACCOUNT THE ROLE OF PREPARATION SIMON EFFECTS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL STIMULI AND RESPONSES STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIMENSIONS COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR DESTINATION AND ORIGIN LOCATIONS COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR PITCH AND DIRECTION OF PITCH CHANGE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR GESTURES JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING REVERSING THE SIMON EFFECT FOR IRRELEVANT LOCATION THE HEDGE AND MARSH REVERSAL LOGICAL RECODING ACCOUNT DISPLAY–CONTROL ARRANGEMENT CORRESPONDENCE STIMULUS-IDENTI?CATION ACCOUNT MANIPULATING PERCENTAGES OF CORRESPONDING AND NONCORRESPONDING TRIALS BASIC FINDINGS ACCOUNTS OF RELATIVE FREQUENCY EFFECTS TESTS OF THE SUPPRESSION AND FEATURE INTEGRATION ACCOUNTS EFFECTS OF INTERMIXED LOCATION-RELEVANT MAPPINGS SYMBOLIC AND VERBAL STIMULI ACCOUNTS OF THE SIMON EFFECT WITH MIXED PRESENTATION BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY INTERTRIAL VARIABILITY TRANSIENT ACTIVATION ACCOUNT TRANSFER FROM A PRIOR SPATIAL MAPPING TO THE SIMON TASK CONSEQUENCES OF MIXED MAPPINGS AND TASKS MIXING COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE MAPPINGS IN SPATIAL CHOICE TASKS TWO-CHOICE TASKS FOUR-CHOICE TASKS MIXED STIMULUS MODES MIXING NONSPATIAL S-R MAPPINGS ACCOUNTS FOR ELIMINATION OF THE S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECT WITH MIXED MAPPINGS UNCERTAINTY TRANSIENT ACTIVATION ALTERNATIVE ROUTES MODEL MIXING LOCATION-RELEVANT AND LOCATION-IRRELEVANT TRIALS: THE S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECT SPATIAL LOCATIONS SYMBOLIC AND VERBAL MODES MIXED-MODES PRESENTATION ACCOUNTS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF S-R COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS WITH MIXED LOCATION-RELEVANT AND LOCATION-IRRELEVANT TRIALS TASK SWITCHING COMPARISON OF MIXED MAPPINGS AND TRIAL TYPES KEYPRESS RESPONSES VOCAL RESPONSES EVALUATION A NEGATIVE CORRESPONDENCE EFFECT FOR MASKED STIMULI COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS FOR ORTHOGONAL DIMENSIONS UP-RIGHT/DOWN-LEFT MAPPING ADVANTAGE DUAL-STRATEGY HYPOTHESIS IN?UENCES OF HAND, HAND POSTURE, AND RESPONSE ECCENTRICITY ON ORTHOGONAL S-R COMPATIBILITY MOVEMENT PREFERENCE HYPOTHESIS REFERENTIAL CODING END-STATE COMFORT HYPOTHESIS CORRESPONDENCE OF ASYMMETRIC CODES AS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF BINARY-CHOICE REACTIONS TASKS WITH MORE THAN TWO ALTERNATIVES POPULATION STEREOTYPES FOR DIRECTION OF MOTION AND COLOR, WORD, AND PICTURE ASSOCIATIONS LINEAR DISPLAY INDICATORS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO CONTROLS PREFERENCES FOR DISPLAY–CONTROL RELATIONS USING ERROR RATE AS A MEASURE OF PREFERRED RELATIONS COMPLEX DISPLAY–CONTROL RELATIONS DIRECTION OF MOTION PRINCIPLES AND THEIR COMBINED EFFECTS CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS ROTARY DISPLAYS AND THEIR CONTROLS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES THUMBWHEEL STEREOTYPES WITH A CHINESE POPULATION OTHER POPULATION STEREOTYPES COLOR ASSOCIATIONS WORD AND PICTURE ASSOCIATIONS STIMULUS–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS IN DUAL-TASK PERFORMANCE 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 THE PRP EFFECT AND THE CENTRAL BOTTLENECK MODEL 10 3 SIMON EFFECTS FOR IRRELEVANT STIMULUS LOCATION 10 4 CONSISTENCY OF MAPPINGS 10 5 CROSSTALK BETWEEN TASKS 10 5 1 WAY AND GOTTSDANKER’S STUDY 10 5 2 MORE RECENT REACTION-TIME STUDIES 10 5 3 TASKS WITH UNSPEEDED RESPONSES 10 5 4 SUMMARY 10 6 CAN THE BOTTLENECK BE BYPASSED? 10 6 1 DOES IDEOMOTOR COMPATIBILITY WITHIN TASKS ALLOW PERFECT TIMESHARING? 10 6 2 DOES EXTENDED PRACTICE ALLOW PERFECT TIMESHARING? 10 7 CHAPTER SUMMARY MODELS OF STIMULUS–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 THE ALGORITHMIC MODEL OF S-R COMPATIBILITY 11 2 1 ALGORITHMS FOR S-R COMPATIBILITY AND GOAL HIERARCHIES 11 2 2 APPLICATIONS TO HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION 11 2 3 EVALUATION 11 3 SALIENT FEATURES CODING PERSPECTIVE 11 3 1 SPATIAL PRECUING EFFECTS 11 3 2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYMBOLIC STIMULI MAPPED TO SPATIAL RESPONSES 11 3 3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL S-R SETS 11 3 4 ORTHOGONAL S-R SETS AND POLARITY CORRESPONDENCE 11 3 5 EVALUATION 11 4 A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE SIMON EFFECT 11 4 1 THE ORIGINAL MODEL 11 4 2 THE MODI?ED MODEL 11 4 3 EVALUATION 11 5 THE DIMENSIONAL OVERLAP MODEL 11 5 1 THE ORIGINAL MODEL 11 5 2 EXAMINATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL MODEL 11 5 3 KORNBLUM’S (1992) EXPANDED MODEL 11 5 4 KORNBLUM ET AL ’S (1999) PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING MODEL 11 5 5 EVALUATION 11 6 THE THEORY OF EVENT CODING 11 6 1 BLINDNESS TO RESPONSE-COMPATIBLE STIMULI 11 6 2 INTERACTIONS OF PERCEPTION AND ACTION IN DYNAMIC TASKS 11 6 3 RESPONSE–EFFECT COMPATIBILITY 11 6 4 EVALUATION 11 7 THE ECOLOGICAL APPROACH 11 7 1 DESTINATION AND ORTHOGONAL COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS 11 7 2 SIMON EFFECTS FOR OBJECT PROPERTIES 11 7 3 EVALUATION 11 8 CHAPTER SUMMARY INCORPORATING S-R COMPATIBILITY IN DESIGN 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 PROXIMITY COMPATIBILITY AND STIMULUS–CENTRAL PROCESSING–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY 12 2 1 PROXIMITY COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLE 12 2 2 S-C-R COMPATIBILITY 12 3 GUIDELINES FOR COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS IN INTERFACE DESIGN 12 3 1 COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLES 12 3 1 1 ELEMENT-LEVEL COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLES 12 3 1 2 SET-LEVEL COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLES 12 3 2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SIZE OF COMPATIBILITY EFFECTS 12 4 NAÏVE AND EXPERIENCED JUDGMENTS 12 4 1 STIMULUS–RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY 12 4 2 DISPLAY–CONTROL LAYOUTS 12 4 2 1 NUMERIC KEYPADS AND KEYBOARDS 12 4 2 2 STOVETOP CON?GURATIONS 12 5 CHAPTER SUMMARY REFERENCES