THE GALAXIES OF THE LOCAL GROUP
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 IS THE LOCAL GROUP TYPICAL? 1 2 DISCOVERY OF THE LOCAL GROUP 2 LOCAL GROUP MEMBERSHIP 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 INCOMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE 2 3 SUBSTRUCTURE WITHIN THE LOCAL GROUP 2 4 SUMMARY 3 THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY (M31) 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 REDDENING AND DISTANCE 3 3 THE MASS OF THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY 3 6 THE DISK OF THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY 3 8 GLOBULAR CLUSTERS 3 9 VARIABLE STARS 3 10 SUPERNOVAE 3 11 NOVAE 3 12 PLANETARY NEBULAE 3 14 SUMMARY 4 THE MILKY WAY SYSTEM 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 THE NUCLEUS OF THE GALAXY 4 3 THE NUCLEAR BULGE OF THE GALAXY 4 4 THE GALACTIC DISK 4 5 YOUNG SPIRAL ARM TRACERS 4 6 THE GALACTIC HALO 4 7 GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS 4 8 GALACTIC SUPERNOVAE 4 9 NOVAE 4 10 PLANETARY NEBULAE 4 12 SUMMARY AND DESIDERATA 5 THE TRIANGULUM GALAXY (M33) 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 REDDENING AND DISTANCE 5 6 STAR CLUSTERS 5 7 ASSOCIATIONS AND SPIRAL STRUCTURE 5 8 H II REGIONS IN THE TRIANGULUM GALAXY 5 9 SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 5 10 VARIABLE STARS 5 11 SUMMARY AND DESIDERATA 6 THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 DISTANCE AND REDDENING 6 3 GLOBAL PROPERTIES 6 4 STAR CLUSTERS 6 5 YOUNG CLUSTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS 6 6 VARIABLE STARS 6 7 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE LARGE CLOUD 6 8 SUPERNOVAE 6 9 PLANETARY NEBULAE IN THE LMC 6 10 INTERSTELLAR MATTER 6 11 X-RAY AND ? -RAY EMISSION 6 12 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS 6 13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 DISTANCE AND REDDENING 7 3 GLOBAL PROPERTIES 7 4 STAR CLUSTERS 7 5 VARIABLE STARS 7 6 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY 7 7 INTERSTELLAR MATTER 7 8 SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 7 9 INTERACTIONS OF SMC WITH LMC 7 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 8 THE ELLIPTICAL GALAXY M32 (= NGC 221) 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 3 STELLAR POPULATIONS 8 4 SUMMARY 9 THE IRREGULAR DWARF GALAXY NGC 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 DISTANCE AND REDDENING OF NGC 9 3 STELLAR POPULATIONS AND STAR FORMING HISTORY 9 4 INTERSTELLAR MATTER 9 5 RADIO RADIATION AND X RAYS 9 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 THE STARBURST GALAXY IC 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 DISTANCE AND REDDENING 10 3 STELLAR POPULATION 10 4 INTERSTELLAR MATTER 10 5 SUMMARY 11 FAINT DWARF IRREGULAR GALAXIES 11 1 IC 11 2 THE WOLF–LUNDMARK–MELOTTE SYSTEM (= DDO 221) 11 3 THE PEGASUS DWARF IRREGULAR (= DDO 216) 11 4 THE AQUARIUS DWARF IRREGULAR (= DDO 210, = AQRDIG) 11 5 SAGDIG, THE FAINTEST IRREGULAR 11 6 THE PISCES DWARF (= LGS 3) 11 7 THE PHOENIX DWARF GALAXY 11 8 THE LOCAL GROUP MEMBER LEO A (= DDO 69) 12 SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES 12 1 THE SPHEROIDAL GALAXY NGC 12 2 THE SPHEROIDAL GALAXY NGC 12 3 THE SPHEROIDAL GALAXY NGC 13 THE MOST LUMINOUS DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 THE FORNAX DWARF 13 3 THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF SPHEROIDAL 14 DWARF SPHEROIDALS IN THE ANDROMEDA SUBGROUP 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 ANDROMEDA I 14 3 ANDROMEDA II 14 4 ANDROMEDA III 14 5 THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED DWARF ANDROMEDA V 14 6 ADDITIONAL PROBABLE AND POSSIBLE MEMBERS OF THE ANDROMEDA SUBGROUP 14 7 SUMMARY 15 FAINT DWARF SPHEROIDALS 15 1 THE DWARF SPHEROIDAL LEO I 15 2 THE CARINA DWARF SPHEROIDAL 15 3 THE SCULPTOR SYSTEM 15 4 THE DRACO DWARF SPHEROIDAL 15 5 THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED DWARF IN TUCANA 15 6 THE DWARF SPHEROIDAL LEO II 15 7 THE SEXTANS DWARF SPHEROIDAL 15 8 THE URSA MINOR DWARF SPHEROIDAL 15 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 16 THE OUTER FRINGES OF THE LOCAL GROUP 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 THE DWARF IRREGULAR GALAXY NGC 16 3 ANTLIA 16 4 THE DWARF IRREGULAR SEXTANS B 16 5 THE DWARF IRREGULAR SEXTANS A 16 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 17 INTERGALACTIC MATTER IN THE LOCAL GROUP 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 TIDAL DEBRIS 17 3 HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUDS 18 DYNAMICAL AND PHYSICAL EVOLUTION 18 1 MISSING MASS 18 2 ORBITS OF INDIVIDUAL GALAXIES 18 3 LUMINOSITY EVOLUTION 19 PROPERTIES OF THE LOCAL GROUP 19 1 INTRODUCTION 19 2 THE MOTIONS OF LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES 19 3 THE LUMINOSITY DISTRIBUTION FOR LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES 19 4 LOCAL GROUP STATISTICS 19 5 DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL GROUP MEMBERS 20 CONCLUSIONS 20 1 INTRODUCTION 20 2 LOCAL GROUP CALIBRATORS 20 3 EVOLUTION OF LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES 20 4 MERGERS AND GALAXY DESTRUCTION 20 5 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE