VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY
CONTENTS FOUNDATIONS OF GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMICAL EXPLORATION THE RELATIVISTIC UNIVERSE DE?NITIONS THE HEROIC ERA OF GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY THE EARLY PROMISE PECULIARITIES OF GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPES VHE GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPES ON THE GROUND HISTORICAL NOTE: SEMINAL PAPER HE GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPES IN SPACE VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY DETECTORS THE ATMOSPHERIC WINDOWS ELECTROMAGNETIC CASCADE IN ATMOSPHERE THE VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC CASCADE ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV TECHNIQUE GENERAL PROPERTIES FEATURES OF THE TECHNIQUE THE BACKGROUND OF COSMIC RADIATION CHARGED COSMIC RAYS FLUX SENSITIVITY ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV IMAGING DETECTORS PRINCIPLE ANGULAR RESOLUTION ENERGY RESOLUTION EXISTING IMAGING TELESCOPES ARRAYS OTHER GROUND-BASED DETECTORS PARTICLE AIR SHOWER ARRAYS SOLAR POWER STATIONS AS ACTS HISTORICAL NOTE: CHERENKOV IMAGES HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPES IN SPACE INTRODUCTION PAIR PRODUCTION TELESCOPES: HIGH ENERGY COMPTON TELESCOPES FUTURE SPACE TELESCOPES INTEGRAL SWIFT LIGHT IMAGING DETECTOR FOR GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY (AGILE) ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER (AMS) THE GAMMA-RAY LARGE-AREA SPACE TELESCOPE (GLAST) HISTORICAL NOTE: CGRO RESCUE GALACTIC PLANE STUDY OF THE GALACTIC PLANE GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS HE OBSERVATIONS VHE OBSERVATIONS INTERPRETATION ENERGY SPECTRUM HISTORICAL NOTE SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS ACCELERATION DETECTION AT OUTBURST SUPERNOVA REMNANT CLASSI?CATION SNRS AS COSMIC RAY SOURCES HISTORICAL NOTE: SN1987A GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRAB NEBULA SIGNI?CANCE OPTICAL AND X-RAY OBSERVATIONS GAMMA-RAY HISTORY GAMMA SOURCE THE CRAB RESOLVED THE STANDARD CANDLE HISTORICAL BOX: CRAB PICTOGRAPH GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS PLERIONS VELA SHELL-TYPE SNRS CASSIOPEIA A OTHER POSSIBLE DETECTIONS HISTORICAL NOTE: SUPERNOVA OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS AND BINARIES GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PULSARS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION LIGHT CURVES MODELS POLAR CAP MODELS OUTER GAP MODELS OUTLOOK BINARIES UNIDENTI?ED SOURCES POPULATION STUDIES INDIVIDUAL IDENTI?CATIONS 3EG J0634+0521: BINARY PULSAR? 3EG J1835+5918: GEMINGA-LIKE PULSAR? GALACTIC CENTER MICROQUASARS HISTORICAL NOTE: GEMINGA 10 EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 GALAXIES: CLASSI?CATION 10 3 NORMAL GALAXIES 10 4 STARBURST GALAXIES 10 5 ACTIVE GALAXIES 10 5 1 RADIO GALAXIES 10 5 2 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI HISTORICAL NOTE: COSMIC RAY ORIGINS 11 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: OBSERVATIONS 11 1 GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS 11 2 GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS: HE 11 2 1 HE SOURCE CATALOG 11 2 2 DISTANCE 11 2 3 CLASSI?CATION 11 2 4 TIME VARIABILITY 11 2 5 LUMINOSITY 11 2 6 SPECTRUM 11 2 7 MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS 11 2 8 SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS 11 2 9 FUTURE PROSPECTS 11 3 GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS: VHE 11 3 1 VHE SOURCE CATALOG 11 3 2 DISTANCE 11 3 3 CLASSI?CATION 11 3 4 VARIABILITY 11 3 5 LUMINOSITY 11 3 6 SPECTRUM 11 3 7 MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS 11 3 8 SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS 11 3 9 FUTURE PROSPECTS 12 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: MODELS 12 1 PHENOMENON 12 2 SOURCE OF ENERGY 12 3 BEAMING 12 4 MODELS 12 4 1 LEPTON MODELS 12 4 2 PROTON MODELS 12 5 IMPLICATIONS OF THE GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS 12 5 1 HE OBSERVATIONS 12 5 2 VHE OBSERVATIONS 12 5 3 UNI?ED THEORIES HISTORICAL NOTE: SUPERLUMINAL MOTION 13 GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 THE DISCOVERY 13 3 PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 13 3 1 TIME PRO?LES 13 3 2 ENERGY SPECTRA 13 3 3 INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION 13 3 4 DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS 13 4 THE LOCATION CONTROVERSY 13 5 COUNTERPARTS 13 6 THE HIGH ENERGY COMPONENT 13 7 THE AFTERGLOW 13 8 MODELS 13 8 1 CENTRAL ENGINE 13 8 2 TOTAL ENERGIES 13 8 3 BEAMING 13 8 4 EMISSION MECHANISM 13 8 5 GEOMETRY HISTORICAL NOTE: THE GREAT DEBATE 14 DIFFUSE BACKGROUND RADIATION 14 1 MEASUREMENT DIF?CULTIES 14 2 DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND 14 2 1 OBSERVATIONS 14 2 2 INTERPRETATION 14 3 EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT 14 3 1 STELLAR CONNECTION 14 3 2 MEASUREMENT OF THE SOFT EBL 14 3 3 VHE OBSERVATIONS HISTORICAL NOTE: THE 1 MEV BUMP