WEATHER AND CLIMATE ON PLANETS

By ABIGAIL RODRIGUEZ

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION EXOPLANETS FROM AFAR TWO PATHS TO OBSERVING EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES TYPES OF PLANETS 2 INTENSITY AND FLUX INTRODUCTION INTENSITY FLUX AND OTHER INTENSITY MOMENTS SURFACE FLUX OBSERVED FLUX LUMINOSITY AND OUTGOING ENERGY INCIDENT FLUX AND INCIDENT ENERGY BLACK BODY INTENSITY AND BLACK BODY FLUX LAMBERT SURFACE 2 10 SUMMARY 3 TEMPERATURE, ALBEDOS, AND FLUX RATIOS ENERGY BALANCE PLANETARY TEMPERATURES PLANETARY ALBEDOS PLANET-STAR FLUX RATIOS PLANETARY PHASE CURVES SUMMARY 4 COMPOSITION OF A PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION OF EARTH’S AND JUPITER’S ATMOSPHERES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BASIC CLOUD PHYSICS ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE ATMOSPHERIC EVOLUTION 5 RADIATIVE TRANSFER I: FUNDAMENTALS OPACITY OPTICAL DEPTH LOCAL THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM THE SOURCE FUNCTION THE EQUATION OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER II: SOLUTIONS A CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EMERGENT SPECTRUM AN INTRODUCTION TO LINE FORMATION APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS TO THE PLANE-PARALLEL RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION MONTE CARLO RADIATIVE TRANSFER 7 POLARIZATION DESCRIPTION OF POLARIZED RADIATION POLARIZATION CALCULATIONS POLARIZATION FROM PLANETS 8 OPACITIES ENERGY LEVELS IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES MOLECULAR ABSORPTION CROSS SECTIONS RAYLEIGH SCATTERING CONDENSATE OPACITIES 9 VERTICAL THERMAL STRUCTURE OF A PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE EARTH’S VERTICAL ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PRESSURE SCALE HEIGHT SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR A SIMPLI?ED ATMOSPHERE CONVECTION VERSUS RADIATION THE RADIATIVE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE PRO?LE THE ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE PRO?LE THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE PRO?LE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL 9 10 SUMMARY 10 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 RADIATIVE AND ADVECTIVE TIMESCALES 10 3 LARGE-SCALE FLOW AND PATTERNS 10 4 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS EQUATIONS 10 5 CONNECTION TO OBSERVATIONS 10 6 SUMMARY 11 ATMOSPHERIC BIOSIGNATURES 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 EARTH’S BIOSIGNATURES 11 3 THE IDEAL BIOSIGNATURE GAS 11 4 PROSPECTS 11 5 SUMMARY