ASTROPHYSICAL REVIEW: SPECTROSCOPY AND ASTRONOMICAL PHYSICS
CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS INTRODUCTION, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM, ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE 1990S, THE LEGACY OF THE PREVIOUS DECADAL SURVEY, APPROACH AND SCOPE, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHARGE, PURPOSE AND CONTENT OF THE TWO VOLUMES, OPTIMIZING THE RETURN ON THE NATION’S INVESTMENT IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, BALANCING NEW INITIATIVES WITH THE ONGOING PROGRAM, STRENGTHENING GROUND-BASED ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, ENSURING THE DIVERSITY OF NASA MISSIONS, INTEGRATING THEORY CHALLENGES WITH NEW INITIATIVES, COORDINATING PROGRAMS AMONG FEDERAL AGENCIES, COLLABORATING WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS, NEW INVESTMENTS IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, PROPOSED PRIORITES FOR GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED INITIATIVES, EXPLANATION OF NEW INITIATIVES, TECHNOLOGY, ASTRONOMY’S ROLE IN EDUCATION, NOTES, THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE RECOMMENDATIONS A VISION FOR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW CENTURY, THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF PLANETS, STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION, STAR FORMATION, THE SUN, STELLAR METAMORPHOSIS, GALAXIES, FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES, EVOLUTION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN GALAXIES, GALACTIC NUCLEI, THE UNIVERSE, THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE, THE EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE, COMPOSITION OF THE UNIVERSE, THE NEW INITIATIVES: BUILDING ON THE CURRENT PROGRAM THE ULTRAVIOLET, OPTICAL, AND INFRARED WINDOWS ONTO THE UNIVERSE, LARGE FILLED-APERTURE OPTICAL AND INFRARED TELESCOPES: NGST AND GSMT, OPTICAL AND INFRARED SURVEYS: LSST, THE TELESCOPE SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION PROGRAM—TSIP, FAR-INFRARED ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE: SAFIR, INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY FROM SPACE: TPF, ULTRAVIOLET AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY FROM SPACE, SOLAR ASTRONOMY, GROUND-BASED SOLAR ASTRONOMY: AST AND FASR, SPACE-BASED SOLAR ASTRONOMY: SDO, THE HIGH-ENERGY UNIVERSE, HIGH-ENERGY PHOTONS: CON-X, GLAST, VERITAS, AND EXIST, GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION: LISA, PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, THE RADIO UNIVERSE, CENTIMETER-WAVELENGTH ASTRONOMY: EVLA, SKA, AND ARISE, MILLIMETER- AND SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE ASTRONOMY: CARMA AND SPST, THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION, THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE, THE NATIONAL VIRTUAL OBSERVATORY AND OTHER HIGH-LEVERAGE, SMALL INITIATIVES, BENEFITS TO THE NATION FROM ASTRONOMY THE ROLE OF ASTRONOMY IN PUBLIC SCIENCE EDUCATION, THE RELEVANCE OF ASTRONOMY, CONVEYING ASTRONOMY TO THE PUBLIC, ASTRONOMY IN PRECOLLEGE SCIENCE EDUCATION, THE PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF ASTRONOMY TO SOCIETY, ANTENNAS, MIRRORS, AND TELESCOPES, SENSORS, DETECTORS, AND AMPLIFIERS, SPECTROMETERS AND DEVICES TO FOCUS RADIATION, IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION, PRECISION TIMING AND POSITION MEASUREMENTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL COMPUTATION, EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT AND PLANETARY SURVIVAL, CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ASTRONOMY AND OTHER DISCIPLINES, INTERACTIONS WITH PHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND THE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES, POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: ASTROBIOLOGY, NOTE, THE ROLE OF ASTRONOMY IN EDUCATION STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE FOUR EDUCATIONAL GOALS, COMMUNICATE DISCOVERIES AND EXCITEMENT OF SCIENCE, EXPAND OUTREACH TO K-12 STUDENTS, IMPROVE SCIENCE LITERACY FOR UNDERGRADUATES, CONTRIBUTE TO A TECHNICALLY TRAINED WORK FORCE, PREPARE PROFESSIONAL ASTRONOMERS, EXISTING PROGRAMS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS, POLICY FOR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: GROUND-BASED FACILITIES, RECOMMENDED NEW PARADIGM, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL ASTRONOMY ORGANIZATIONS AND INDEPENDENT OBSERVATORIES, NEW PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GRANTS IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NASA: SPACE-BASED ASTRONOMY, POLICY RECOMMENDATION FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: ASTROPHYSICAL RESEARCH, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING, NASA’S LONG-TERM SPACE ASTROPHYSICS PROGRAM, WOMEN IN ASTRONOMY, MINORITY SCIENTISTS IN ASTRONOMY, ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, CONGRESSIONAL QUESTIONS, REFERENCES