EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM BY INFRARED REMOTE SENSING

By T. GADAY

CONTENTS FOUNDATION OF RADIATION THEORY MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND THE POYNTING VECTOR WAVE PROPAGATION POLARIZATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS RE?ECTION, REFRACTION, AND THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS THE PLANCK FUNCTION THE POYNTING VECTOR, SPECI?C INTENSITY, AND NET ?UX RADIATIVE TRANSFER THE EQUATION OF TRANSFER A DE?NITIONS AND GEOMETRY B MICROSCOPIC PROCESSES C THE TOTAL ?ELD D THE DIFFUSE ?ELD FORMAL SOLUTIONS INVARIANCE PRINCIPLES A DE?NITIONS B THE STACKING OF LAYERS C COMPOSITE SCATTERING AND TRANSMISSION FUNCTIONS D STARTING SOLUTIONS SPECIAL CASES A NONSCATTERING ATMOSPHERES B OPTICALLY THIN ATMOSPHERES SCATTERING ATMOSPHERES; THE TWO-STREAM APPROXIMATION A SINGLE SCATTERING PHASE FUNCTION B SEPARATION OF VARIABLES C DISCRETE STREAMS D HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION E OUTSIDE POINT SOURCE INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER ABSORPTION AND EMISSION IN GASES A THE OLD QUANTUM THEORY B THE SCHR¨ODINGER EQUATION C ENERGY LEVELS AND RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS VIBRATION AND ROTATION OF MOLECULES DIATOMIC MOLECULES A VIBRATION B ROTATION C VIBRATION–ROTATION INTERACTION D COLLISION-INDUCED TRANSITIONS POLYATOMIC MOLECULES C VIBRATION–ROTATION TRANSITIONS LINE STRENGTH LINE SHAPE SOLID AND LIQUID SURFACES A SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES B COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDICES CLOUD AND AEROSOL PARTICLES A ASYMPTOTIC SCATTERING FUNCTIONS B RIGOROUS SCATTERING THEORY; GENERAL SOLUTION C PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS D THE FAR ?ELD; PHASE FUNCTION AND EF?CIENCY FACTORS THE EMERGING RADIATION ?ELD MODELS WITH ONE ISOTHERMAL LAYER A WITHOUT SCATTERING B WITH SCATTERING MODELS WITH A VERTICAL TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE A SINGLE LAPSE RATE B MULTIPLE LAPSE RATES MODEL WITH REALISTIC MOLECULAR PARAMETERS INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE THE RADIATION ?ELD INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED RADIOMETRY OPTICAL ELEMENTS DIFFRACTION LIMIT CHOPPING, SCANNING, AND IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION A D C RADIOMETERS B CHOPPED OR A C RADIOMETERS C IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION INTRINSIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES A ABSORBING AND RE?ECTING ?LTERS B PRISM SPECTROMETERS C GAS ?LTER, SELECTIVE CHOPPER, AND THE PRESSURE MODULATED RADIOMETER INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA IN THIN ?LMS A OUTLINE OF THIN ?LM THEORY B ANTIRE?ECTION COATINGS C BEAM DIVIDERS D INTERFERENCE ?LTERS AND FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETERS GRATING SPECTROMETERS FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETERS A MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER B POST-DISPERSION C MARTIN–PUPLETT INTERFEROMETER D LAMELLAR GRATING INTERFEROMETER HETERODYNE DETECTION INFRARED DETECTORS IN GENERAL THERMAL DETECTORS A TEMPERATURE CHANGE B NOISE IN THERMAL DETECTORS C TEMPERATURE TO VOLTAGE CONVERSION PHOTON DETECTORS A INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS B PHOTOCONDUCTORS AND PHOTODIODES C RESPONSIVITIES D NOISE IN PHOTON DETECTORS E CIRCUITS FOR PHOTON DETECTORS F DETECTOR ARRAYS CALIBRATION A CONCEPTS B MIDDLE AND FAR INFRARED CALIBRATION C NEAR INFRARED CALIBRATION D WAVENUMBER CALIBRATION CHOICE OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES A SCIENTI?C OBJECTIVES B INSTRUMENT PARAMETERS MEASURED RADIATION FROM PLANETARY OBJECTS UP TO NEPTUNE INSTRUMENT EFFECTS THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS THE GIANT PLANETS TITAN OBJECTS WITHOUT SUBSTANTIAL ATMOSPHERES A TENUOUS ATMOSPHERES B SURFACES TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS AND ASTEROIDS PLUTO AND CHARON COMETS ASTEROIDS RETRIEVAL OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FROM MEASUREMENTS RETRIEVAL OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS TEMPERATURE PRO?LE RETRIEVAL A GENERAL CONSIDERATION B CONSTRAINED LINEAR INVERSION C RELAXATION ALGORITHMS D BACKUS–GILBERT FORMULATION E STATISTICAL ESTIMATION F LIMB-TANGENT GEOMETRY ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION A PRINCIPLES B FEATURE IDENTI?CATION C CORRELATION ANALYSIS D ABUNDANCE DETERMINATION E PRO?LE RETRIEVAL F SIMULTANEOUS RETRIEVAL OF TEMPERATURE AND GAS ABUNDANCE G LIMB-TANGENT OBSERVATIONS CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS A SMALL ABSORBING PARTICLES B TITAN’S STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL SOLID SURFACE PARAMETERS A SURFACE TEMPERATURE B THERMAL INERTIA C REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TEXTURE PHOTOMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS A INTRODUCTION B THE BOND ALBEDO C THERMAL EMISSION INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS RADIATIVE EQUILIBRIUM A GOVERNING PRINCIPLES B THE SOLAR RADIATION ?ELD C THERMAL RADIATION AND THE TEMPERATURE PRO?LE D GENERAL ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES ATMOSPHERIC MOTION A GOVERNING EQUATIONS B MARS C THE OUTER PLANETS D VENUS EVOLUTION AND COMPOSITION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM A FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM B EVOLUTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS C EVOLUTION OF THE GIANT PLANETS ENERGY BALANCE A THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS B THE GIANT PLANETS CLOSING REMARKS REFERENCES