ADVANCED ASTROPHYSICS

By T. GISAI

CONTENTS PART I CLASSICAL MECHANICS ORBITAL MECHANICS UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION CENTER OF MASS REDUCED MASS KEPLER’S LAWS PLANETARY ORBITS BINARY STARS VISUAL BINARIES THE APPARENT ORBIT THE TRUE ORBIT DETERMINING THE ORBITAL ELEMENTS SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES THE MASS FUNCTION SUMMARY OF BINARY STAR STUDIES MASS–LUMINOSITY RELATION EXTRASOLAR PLANETS THE ASTROMETRIC METHOD THE RADIAL VELOCITY METHOD THE TRANSIT METHOD REFERENCES FURTHER READING GALAXY DYNAMICS POTENTIALS OF ARBITRARY MATTER DISTRIBUTIONS DYNAMICS OF THIN DISKS ROTATION CURVES OF DISK GALAXIES ROTATION CURVES OF REAL SPIRAL GALAXIES N-BODY GRAVITATIONAL SYSTEMS EQUATION OF MOTION THE VIRIAL THEOREM CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES COSMIC EXPANSION AND LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT LARGE-SCALE COSMIC STRUCTURE OVERVIEW CORRELATION FUNCTIONS OF GALAXIES DARK MATTER AND LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE HOT AND COLD DARK MATTER THE JEANS’ MASS AND GRAVITATIONAL STABILITY POSSIBLE MODELS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION PART II STATISTICAL MECHANICS OVERVIEW OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS THERMODYNAMICS CLASSICAL STATISTICAL MECHANICS QUANTUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS BOSE–EINSTEIN STATISTICS FERMI–DIRAC STATISTICS PHOTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM THE EARLY UNIVERSE THE 3 K BACKGROUND RADIATION HISTORY OF THE BACKGROUND RADIATION EVOLUTION OF ENERGY DENSITY GALAXY FORMATION LOCAL COSMOLOGY AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS PRIMORDIAL HELIUM REACTION RATES INTRODUCTION BARRIER PENETRATION ESTIMATING REACTION RATES DESTRUCTION OF D FORMATION OF D FORMATION OF 4HE PARTICLE EQUILIBRIA IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM THE NEUTRON–PROTON RATIO REACTION FREEZE-OUT REACTION TIMESCALE FORMATION OF DEUTERIUM STELLAR STRUCTURE AND COMPACT STARS HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM FERMION DEGENERACY WHITE DWARF EQUATION OF STATE MASS–RADIUS RELATION FOR WHITE DWARFS INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF WHITE DWARFS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE AND ENERGY DENSITY RELATING ELECTRON NUMBER DENSITY TO THE MASS DENSITY OTHER SOURCES OF PRESSURE EQUATION OF STATE ESTIMATING THE RADIUS AND MASS OF A WHITE DWARF STABILITY OF COMPACT STARS TOTAL ENERGY ELECTRON CAPTURE MAXIMUM DENSITY STRUCTURE OF NEUTRON STARS LIQUID LAYER THE CRUST THE CORE PULSARS PART III ELECTROMAGNETISM RADIATION FROM ACCELERATING CHARGES THE LIENARD–WIECHERT POTENTIAL SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIALS GREEN’S FUNCTION SOLUTION THE L–W POTENTIALS ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC ?ELDS OF A MOVING CHARGE MOVING CHARGE AT CONSTANT VELOCITY RADIATION FROM ACCELERATING CHARGES – THE FAR ZONE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF RADIATION TOTAL EMITTED POWER BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION BREMSSTRAHLUNG SINGLE PARTICLE COLLISIONS RADIATION FROM AN ENSEMBLE OF PARTICLES SYNCHROTRON RADIATION TOTAL POWER THE RECEIVED SPECTRUM SPECTRUM OF A POWER-LAW ENERGY DISTRIBUTION HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES IN ASTROPHYSICS NEUTRON STARS SUPERNOVA REMNANTS PARTICLE ACCELERATION RADIO GALAXIES GALACTIC X-RAY SOURCES THE ENERGY SOURCE MAXIMUM LUMINOSITY/EDDINGTON LIMIT CHARACTERISTIC TEMPERATURE MASS TRANSFER ACCRETION DISKS DISK HYDRODYNAMICS THE EMISSION SPECTRUM OF THE DISK PULSARS REVISITED THE RADIATION ?ELD RADIATED POWER THE BRAKING INDEX THE STATIC MAGNETIC ?ELD THE STATIC ELECTRIC ?ELD REFERENCE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION EM WAVES IN AN UN-MAGNETIZED PLASMA DISPERSION MEASURE EM WAVES IN A MAGNETIZED MEDIUM ROTATION MEASURE PART IV QUANTUM MECHANICS THE HYDROGEN ATOM STRUCTURE OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM CASE R ?? WHAT ABOUT THE IN-BETWEEN? NORMALIZING R(R) TOTAL WAVE FUNCTION PROBABILITY FUNCTIONS ENERGY EIGENSTATES AND TRANSITIONS THE INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER NON-RELATIVISTIC TREATMENT SINGLE PARTICLE HAMILTONIAN SEPARATION OF STATIC AND RADIATION ?ELDS RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS SEMI-CLASSICAL APPROACH THE HAMILTONIAN OF THE RADIATION ?ELD THE PERTURBATION HAMILTONIAN TIME-DEPENDENT PERTURBATION THEORY ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS DIPOLE TRANSITION PROBABILITY BOUND–BOUND ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION SPONTANEOUS EMISSION PHOTOIONIZATION BOUND–FREE CROSS-SECTIONS SELECTION RULES DIPOLE SELECTION RULES ELECTRIC QUADRUPOLE TRANSITIONS NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF TRANSITION PROBABILITIES THE LYMAN TRANSITION BOUND–FREE ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION HII REGIONS IONIZING STARS IONIZATION OF A PURE HYDROGEN NEBULA RADIUS OF HII REGION QUASARS AND THE LYMAN FOREST CORRELATION STUDIES COLUMN DENSITY OF THE HI RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LY- FOREST ATOMIC ?NE STRUCTURE LINES ELECTRON SPIN RELATIVISTIC HAMILTONIAN DIRAC’S POSTULATE THE DIRAC EQUATION FREE PARTICLE AT REST NON-RELATIVISTIC LIMIT OF DIRAC’S EQUATION RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS INVOLVING SPIN ZEEMAN EFFECT RELATIVISTIC CORRECTION WITH A = ATOMIC ?NE STRUCTURE SPIN–ORBIT INTERACTION TIME-INDEPENDENT PERTURBATION THEORY THE JM REPRESENTATION SOLUTION FOR ESO ATOMIC HYPER?NE LINES THE 21 CM LINE OF HYDROGEN TRANSITION RATE THE 21 CM LINE PRO?LE THE DOPPLER EFFECT DOPPLER BROADENING OF THE 21 CM LINE NEUTRAL HYDROGEN IN GALAXIES EQUATION OF TRANSFER FOR HI EMISSION EMISSION OR ABSORPTION? MEASURING HI IN EXTERNAL GALAXIES INTEGRAL PROPERTIES OF GALAXIES KINEMATICS OF THE HI PROBING GALACTIC MASS DISTRIBUTIONS HI ROTATION CURVES TRANSITIONS INVOLVING MULTI-ELECTRON ATOMS SYMMETRY OF MULTI-PARTICLE WAVE FUNCTIONS THE HELIUM ATOM THE GROUND STATE LOWEST EXCITED STATES SUMMARY MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS THE HARTREE–FOCK PROCEDURE FORBIDDEN LINES IN ASTROPHYSICS COLLISIONAL EQUILIBRIA LINE EMISSION AND COOLING OF NEBULAS STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM FOR N LEVELS OIII LINES AS PROBES OF TEMPERATURE LINE RATIOS AS DENSITY PROBES OBSERVATIONS OF NEBULAS OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI MOLECULAR LINES IN ASTROPHYSICS DIATOMIC MOLECULES INTER-NUCLEAR POTENTIAL ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS VIBRATIONAL TRANSITIONS ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS DIATOMIC MOLECULES WITH TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS THE BORN–OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION TRANSLATIONAL AND INTERNAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM VIBRATIONS AND ROTATIONS VIBRATIONS – HARMONIC OSCILLATOR APPROXIMATION PURE ROTATIONAL SPECTRA TRANSITIONS BETWEEN VIBRATIONAL LEVELS TRANSITIONS BETWEEN ELECTRONIC LEVELS THE H2 MOLECULE THE CO MOLECULE OTHER MOLECULES LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER CIVILIZATIONS